Natural hydrogen

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Natural hydrogen (known as white hydrogen, geologic hydrogen

industrial hydrogen.[5] Natural hydrogen has been identified in many source rocks in areas beyond the sedimentary basins where oil companies typically operate.[6][7]

Origins

Sources of natural hydrogen include:[8]

  • degassing of deep hydrogen from Earth's crust and mantle;[9]
  • reaction of water with
    serpentinisation
    );
  • water in contact with reducing agents in Earth's mantle;
  • weathering - water in contact with freshly exposed rock surfaces;
  • decomposition of
    hydroxyl ions
    in the structure of minerals;
  • natural water radiolysis;
  • decomposition of organic matter;
  • biological activity

Reserves

According to the Financial Times, there are 5 trillion tons of natural hydrogen reserves worldwide.[10] A discovery in Russia in 2008 suggests the possibility of extracting native hydrogen in geological environments.[citation needed] Reserves have been identified in France,[11] Mali, the United States and approximately a dozen other countries.[12]

An accumulation of natural hydrogen was discovered in a water well in Bourakébougou, Mali, that was exploited to power the nearby village.[13] In 2023 Pironon and de Donato announced the discovery of a deposit they estimated to be some 46 million to 260 million metric tons (several years worth of 2020s production).[13] In 2024, a natural deposit of helium and hydrogen was discovered in Rukwa, Tanzania.[14]

Mid-continent Rift System

See also: Midcontinent Rift System
Mid-continental Rift System

White hydrogen could be found or produced in the Mid-continental Rift System at scale. Water could be pumped down to hot iron-rich rock to produce hydrogen for extraction.[15]

Geology

Natural hydrogen is generated from various sources. Many hydrogen emergences have been identified on mid-ocean ridges.[16] Serpentinisation occurs in the oceanic crust.

Diagenetic origin (iron oxidation) in the sedimentary basins of cratons, notably are found in Russia.

Mantle hydrogen and hydrogen from

hydrogen emissions.[18]

Hydrogen is soluble in fresh water, especially at moderate depths as solubility generally increases with pressure. However, at greater depths and pressures, such as within the mantle,[19] the solubility decreases due to the highly assymetric nature of mixtures of hydrogen and water.

Literature

Vladimir Vernadsky originated the concept of natural hydrogen captured by the Earth in the process of formation from the post-nebula cloud. Cosmogonical aspects were anticipated by Fred Hoyle. From 1960-2010, V.N. Larin developed the Primordially Hydridic Earth concept[20][dubious – discuss] that described deep-seated natural hydrogen prominence[21] and migration paths.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Geologists signal start of hydrogen energy 'gold rush'".
  2. ^ Larin V.N. 1975 Hydridic Earth: The New Geology of Our Primordially Hydrogen-Rich Planet (Moscow: Izd. IMGRE). (in Russian)
  3. S2CID 195544603
    .
  4. ^ "Hydrogen color code". H2B.
  5. ^ La rédaction: Hydrogène naturel : une source potentielle d'énergie renouvelable. In: La Revue des Transitions. 7 November 2019, retrieved 17 January 2022 (in French).
  6. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.011
    .
  7. ^ Gregory Paita, Master Thesis, Engie & Université de Montpellier.
  8. ^ Zgonnik, P. Malbrunot: L'Hydrogene Naturel. Hrsg.: AFHYPAC Association française pour l'hydrogène et les piles à combustible. August 2020, S. 8 p., p. 5 (in French).
  9. ^ "Our Earth". V. N. Larin, Agar, 2005 (in Russian)
  10. ^ "Geologists signal start of hydrogen energy 'gold rush'".
  11. ^ Paddison, Laura (2023-10-29). "They went hunting for fossil fuels. What they found could help save the world". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  12. S2CID 104328822
    .
  13. ^
    New York Times
    .
  14. ^ "Helium One Itumbula West-1 records positive concentrations". 5 February 2024.
  15. ^ "The Potential for Geologic Hydrogen for Next-Generation Energy | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov.
  16. ^ L'hydrogène dans une économie décarbonée (connaissancedesenergies.org)
  17. ^ Gaucher, Éric C. (June 2020). "Une découverte d'hydrogène naturel dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques, première étape vers une exploration industrielle" [A natural hydrogen discovery in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques region, the first step towards industrial exploration]. Géologues, Société géologique de France (in French) (213). Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  18. S2CID 105839304
    .
  19. S2CID 2222392
    .
  20. ^ V.N. Larin (1993). Hydridic Earth, Polar Publishing, Calgary, Alberta. https://archive.org/details/Hydridic_Earth_Larin_1993
  21. ^ Our Earth. V.N. Larin, Agar, 2005 (rus.) https://archive.org/details/B-001-026-834-PDF-060

Bibliography

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