Neue Rheinische Zeitung
The Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Organ of Democracy") was a German daily
Publication history
Establishment
The Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Organ of Democracy") was founded 1 June 1848 in Cologne (Köln), part of
The paper was named after an earlier newspaper edited by Karl Marx in Cologne from 1842 to 1843, the Rheinische Zeitung.
The paper was financed through the sale of shares of stock, contributions and loans, and paid advertising.[1] The paper was produced as a 4-page broadsheet, with the use of occasional special supplements.[1]
Development
Circulation of the paper ranged from 3,000 to 6,000 copies per issue,[2] a number far in excess of the membership of the Communist League itself, which specialists estimate had between 200 and 300 participants.[3] This effectively rendered the publication into what historian Tatyana Vasilyeva has called "the leading centre of the Communist League, directing the political activity of its members throughout Germany during the revolutionary period."[4]
A total of 301 editions of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (NRZ) were produced during the course of its existence.[1] To these Marx himself contributed a total of not fewer than 80 articles over the course of its existence.[5] Since editorial contributions to the NRZ were unsigned and handwritten manuscripts have not survived, a precise count is impossible, however.[6]
Political line
The Neue Rheinische Zeitung (NRZ) was outspoken in its criticism of Prussia and Austria for Monarchist counter-revolution, and actively agitated for their defeat.[2] The paper was also critical of the willingness of the liberal bourgeoisie to compromise with Monarchist forces — policies which Marx and his comrades believed would have negative impacts upon the German revolution.[2]
More than three decades after the publication's termination, Marx's close associate
This policy was intended to undermine both the authority of Prussia and Tsarist Russia, both considered reactionary and militaristic powers, with war against Russia seen as a necessary prerequisite for establishment of a unified and democratic Germany.
The tone of the newspaper was described by Engels as "by no means solemn, serious, or enthusiastic," instead treating political opponents with "mockery and derision" in a manner entertaining to readers.[9] The paper sought to foster the idea that the German events of the spring of 1848 were the starting point of a long revolutionary process akin to the French Revolution of 1789-1794.[11] The paper attempted to undermine the notion that the formal resolutions of various "National Assemblies" were capable of changing state policy in any fundamental way.[11]
Throughout its existence the NRZ was persecuted by the Prussian government, which brought lawsuits against it charging the NRZ with having "slandered" government officials.[1] As the revolutionary upsurge of 1848 ebbed, the government's hindrance of the publication became steadily more effective, culminating in Karl Marx's expulsion from Germany — a move which effectively killed the paper.[1]
Suppression
On 2 March 1849, Prussian soldiers came to Marx's home to arrest one of the writers. Marx refused to turn over the writer, and the soldiers eventually left.
On 16 May 1849 Marx received an official note from the royal government declaring:
"The tendency of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung to provoke in its readers contempt for the present government, and incite them to violent revolution and the setting up of a social republic has become stronger in its latest pieces.... The right of hospitality which he has so disgracefully abused is therefore to be withdrawn from its editor-in-chief, Dr. Karl Marx, and since he has not obtained permission to prolong his stay in these states, he is ordered to leave them within 24 hours. If he should not comply voluntarily with this demand, he is to be forcibly conveyed across the frontier."[12]
This expulsion order, combined with the growing threat of arrest or exile of its writers forced the NRZ to publish its last issue on 19 May 1849, known as the "red issue" as it was printed entirely in red ink. Marx closed with a sharp rebuttal against the suppression of the NRZ:
"Why these absurd phrases, these official lies? The trend and tone of the latest pieces of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung do not differ a whit from its first 'sample piece.' * * *
"And the 'social republic'? Have we proclaimed it only in the 'latest pieces' of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung? Did we not speak plainly and clearly enough for these dullards who failed to see the 'red' thread running through all our comments and reports on the European movement? * * *
"We have no compassion and we ask no compassion from you. When our turn comes, we shall not make excuses for the terror. But the royal terrorists, the terrorists by the grace of God and the law, are in practice brutal, disdainful, and mean, in theory cowardly, secretive, and deceitful, and in both respects disreputable."[13]
Legacy
In January 1850 Marx launched a new publication, a monthly magazine called Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Politsch-ökonomische Revue ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Politico-Economic Review").[1][14] Edited in London and printed in Hamburg, the periodical managed only six issues before folding.[15]
The best-known content of the NRZ were a series of five articles on economics published by Marx in April 1849 — a series unfinished due to the suppression of the paper.
The great bulk of the journalism of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the NRZ became systematically accessible to an English readership only in 1977, with the publication of volumes 7, 8, and 9 of the
In 2005 an online newspaper calling itself Neue Rheinische Zeitung was established.[18]
See also
- Manifesto of the Communist Party
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hal Draper, "Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie," in The Marx-Engels Glossary: Glossary to the Chronicle and Register, and Index to the Glossary: Volume 3 of the Marx-Engels Cyclopedia. New York: Schocken Books, 1986; pp. 150-151.
- ^ a b c James G. Chastain, "Neue Rheinische Zeitung," Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions, www.ohio.edu/
- ^ Tatyana Vasilyeva, "Preface" to Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works: Volume 7: Marx and Engels, 1848. New York: International Publishers, 1977; pg. xviii.
- ^ Vasilyeva, "Preface" to Marx-Engels Collected Works: Vol. 7, pg. xix.
- ^ David McLellan, The Thought of Karl Marx: An Introduction. New York: Harper and Row, 1971; pg. 42.
- ^ Vasilyeva, "Preface" to Marx-Engels Collected Works: Vol. 7, pp. xxxii-xxxiii.
- ^ Frederick Engels, "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49)," Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 11 (March 13, 1884), reprinted in Marx-Engels Collected Works: Volume 26: Frederick Engels, 1882-89. New York: International Publishers, 1990; pp. 123-124.
- ^ Engels, "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49)," pg. 126.
- ^ a b Engels, "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49)," pg. 124.
- ^ Engels, "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49)," pg. 127.
- ^ a b Engels, "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49)," pg. 125.
- ^ First published in Neue Rheinische Zeitung, No. 301, 19 May 1849. Reprinted as "The Summary Suppression of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung," Marx-Engels Collected Works: Volume 9. New York: International Publishers, 1977; pg. 451.
- ^ Karl Marx, "The Summary Suppression of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung," Marx-Engels Collected Works: Volume 9. New York: International Publishers, 1977; pp. 451-453.
- ^ Articles by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Politsch-ökonomische Revue
- ^ Hal Draper, "Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Politsch-ökonomische Revue," in The Marx-Engels Glossary: Glossary to the Chronicle and Register, and Index to the Glossary. New York: Schocken Books, 1986; pg. 151.
- ^ a b Hal Draper, The Marx-Engels Register: A Complete Bibliography of Marx and Engels' Individual Writings: Volume 2 of the Marx-Engels Cyclopedia. New York: Schocken Books, 1985; pg. 91.
- ^ For individual counts of first English publications see: Vasilyeva, "Preface" to Marx-Engels Collected Works: Vol. 7, pg. xxxii. Vladimir Sazonov, "Preface" to Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works: Volume 8: Marx and Engels, 1848-1849. New York: International Publishers, 1977; pg. xxix. Velta Pospelova, "Preface" to Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works: Volume 9: Marx and Engels, 1849. New York: International Publishers, 1977; pg. xxxii.
- ^ Neue Rheinische Zeitung (2005) website.
Editorial Board
Source: "Statement of the Editorial Board of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung," no. 1, June 1, 1848. Reprinted in MECW: Vol. 7, pg. 15.
- Karl Marx (editor-in-chief)
- Heinrich Bürgers
- Ernst Dronke
- Friedrich Engels
- Georg Weerth
- Ferdinand Wolff
- Wilhelm Wolff
Further reading
- Margaret Schlauch, "The Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 1848-49," Science & Society, vol. 12, no. 1, A Centenary of Marxism (Winter 1948), pp. 170-180. In JSTOR.
External links
- Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung 1848-49, a compilation of articles by Marx and Engels in PDF format put out by Progress Publishers
- Articles by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
- Neue Rheinische Zeitung in the Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848
- Archive at Deutsches Textarchiv