Nicotiana benthamiana

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Nicotiana benthamiana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Nicotiana
Species:
N. benthamiana
Binomial name
Nicotiana benthamiana
Domin

Nicotiana benthamiana, colloquially known as benth or benthi, is a species of Nicotiana indigenous to Australia. It is a close relative of tobacco.[1]

A synonym for this species is Nicotiana suaveolens var. cordifolia, a description given by

specific epithet.[2]

History

The plant was used by people of Australia as a stimulant, containing nicotine and other alkaloids, before the introduction of commercial tobacco (N. tabacum and N. rustica). Indigenous names for it include tjuntiwari and muntju. It was first collected on the north coast of Australia by Benjamin Bynoe on a voyage of HMS Beagle in 1837.[3]

Description

Nicotiana benthamiana, leaf

The herbaceous plant is found amongst rocks on hills and cliffs throughout the northern regions of Australia. Variable in height and habit, the species may be erect and up to 1.5 metres (59.1 in) or sprawling out no taller than 200 millimetres (7.9 in). The flowers are white.[4]

Research uses

N. benthamiana has been used as a model organism in plant research. For example, the leaves are rather frail and can be injured in experiments to study ethylene synthesis. Ethylene is a plant hormone which is secreted, among other situations, after injuries. Using gas chromatography, the quantity of ethylene emitted can be measured.[5] Due to the large number of plant pathogens able to infect it, N. benthamiana is widely used in the field of plant virology.[6] It is also an excellent target plant for agroinfiltration.[7]

N. benthamiana has a number of wild strains across Australia, and the laboratory strain is an

loss-of-function mutation in Rdr1 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1), rendering it hypersusceptible to viruses.[8]

Biotechnology

N. benthamiana is also a common plant used for

recombinant proteins; for example, the drug ZMapp was produced using these plants.[3]

GMO

Cocaine

In 2022, a

genetically engineered N. benthamiana was developed that was able to produce 25% of the amount of cocaine found in a coca plant.[9]

COVID-19 vaccine development

The Quebec City-based biotechnology company, Medicago Inc., uses N. benthamiana as a "factory" to produce virus-like particles over short incubation periods (days) and in high volume, enabling rapid manufacturing capability for a potential COVID-19 vaccine.[10][11]

In February 2022, Health Canada authorised use of the COVID-19 vaccine called CoVLP (brand name Covifenz) developed from N. benthamiana for preventing infection in adults 18 to 64 years old.[12]

References

  1. PMID 30569612
    .
  2. ^ "Nicotiana benthamiana". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
  3. ^ a b Patton J (9 August 2014). "How Owensboro tobacco grew a possible miracle drug to treat Ebola". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  4. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
    .
  5. doi:10.1094/MPMI-12-12-0301-R
    .
  6. PMID 18616398
    .
  7. PMID 10755307
    .
  8. PMID 27251536
    .
  9. ^ "Genetically modified tobacco plant produces cocaine in its leaves". New Scientist. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  10. ^ "Technologies: Production platform". Medicago Inc. 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  11. ^ Vishwadha Chander (14 July 2020). "Canada's Medicago begins human trials of plant-based COVID-19 vaccine". National Post. Reuters. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  12. ^ "Health Canada authorizes Medicago COVID-19 vaccine for adults 18 to 64 years of age". Health Canada, Government of Canada. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
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