Nordic energy market

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Nordic

Elsam 5%, Pohjolan Voima
5%. Other producers had 42.5% market share.

Denmark

Further information: Electricity sector in Denmark and Energy in Denmark

From 1999 and onwards, Denmark is a net exporter of

fossil energy.[1]

Wind power in Denmark

Main article: Wind power in Denmark

Siemens Wind Power along with many component suppliers.[3]

Coal power in Denmark

Coal power provided 48.0% of the electricity and 22.0% of the heat in district heating in Denmark in 2008; and in total provided 21.6% of total energy consumption (187PJ out of 864PJ)[4] and is based mainly on coal imported from outside Europe.[5]

Finland

Further information: Electricity sector in Finland and Energy in Finland
Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant with two existing units. The third unit and Finland's fifth (far left) is computer manipulated and was planned to be ready by 2009, but were still under construction As of February 2020.

Cheap and reliable energy is of exceptional importance to Finland. The energy demand is high because of its cold climate and the structure of its industry. Finland's

Päijänne
. Consequently, Finland has less hydropower capacity than Sweden or Norway.

Finnish energy cooperative

AREVA-Siemens-built reactor – world's largest at 1600 MWe and a showcase of new technology – is currently under construction. It was originally planned to be finished by 2009, it is expected to be online in 2022.[7] Finland's Kyoto and EU emission terms are causing a sharp increase in energy prices and the existing reactors are aging: there has been talk about many more reactors and the sixth is already under environmental impact assessment.[8]

Wind power would be by far the cleanest energy form in Finland (the existing hydropower plants and nuclear power excluded), but because political parties – particularly the

True Finns – are hesitant to grant wind power permits, most energy is produced from fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil. About 25 percent of energy production is categorized to be renewable energy, which is high compared to the EU average 10 percent. About one fifth of all the energy consumed in Finland is wood-based. Industrial residue and garbage are often utilized for energy. Many homeowners use wood as an additional (but not primary) heat source. About seven percent of electricity is produced from peat harvested from Finland's extensive bogs
.

Currently, some electricity is imported to Finland. In recent years, a varying amount (5–17 percent) of power has been imported from Russia, Sweden and Norway. The Norwegian and Swedish

submarine power cable from Russia, but this is also considered a national security issue. The government has already rejected one plan for such a power cable. Neste Oil operates two large oil refineries for domestic and Baltic markets, refined products making 36 percent of chemical exports.[9]

Norway

Main articles: Electricity sector in Norway and Energy in Norway

Hydropower provides almost 98% of the energy production in Norway. The country lacks big lakes that can be used for water storage. However, there are great height differences due to the country's mountainous nature. This together with heavy rain and snowfall each year makes for favourable hydropower conditions. Norway has some of the largest hydroelectric power stations in Europe, such as

Harsprånget
at 977 MW.

Norway exports a significant share of its electricity production via existing submarine cables such as

NordLink
to Germany.

Oil and natural gas produced in the country is mostly exported, and the small oil amounts used are mostly for vehicles.

Sweden

Historical electricity production in Sweden by source
Main articles: Electricity sector in Sweden and Energy in Sweden

The

Swedish parliament to hold a referendum on nuclear power. The referendum led to a decision that no further nuclear power plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. Instead, Sweden has elected to build new reactors to replace its existing ones.[10]

In 2006, out of a total electricity production of 139

TWh, electricity from hydropower accounted for 61 TWh (44%), and nuclear power delivered 65 TWh (47%). At the same time, the use of biofuels, peat etc. produced 13 TWh (9%) of electricity, while wind power produced 1 TWh (1%). Sweden was a net importer of electricity by a margin of 6 TWh.[11] Biomass is mainly used to produce heat for district heating and central heating
and industry processes.

In March 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or increasing nuclear power.[12] Since then however, reports about radioactive leakages at a nuclear waste store in Forsmark, Sweden, have been published,[13] although this does not seem to have changed the public support of continued use of nuclear power. In 2010 Parliament halted the phase-out policy, allowing for new reactors to replace existing ones.[10]

In an effort to phase out the dependency on nuclear power and fossil fuels, the Swedish government has launched a multi-billion krona programme to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.[14][15] The country has for many years pursued a strategy of indirect taxation as an instrument of environmental policy, including energy taxes in general and carbon dioxide taxes in particular.[14] Also in 2005, Sweden garnered international attention by announcing its intention to break its dependence on foreign oil within 15 years, with the goal of becoming the world's first oil-free economy.[15]

Internal

electric grid (Cut 2 and Cut 4)[16] restrict transmission of electricity[17] between hydro plants in the north, and nuclear and fossil plants in the south. Sweden had a policy of a single system price regardless of power differences between areas up until 2011.[18] This was changed and today Sweden has four different price zones
.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-87-7667-823-4
    Retrieved: 25 September 2010.
  2. ^ "Danish Annual Energy Statistics 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 31 July 2010.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ The world's leader in Wind Power, Scandinavica.com, published 2004, accessed 2007-06-22.
  4. ^ "Energy Statistics 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2010.[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ Hansen, Jens Morten. "Dänemark – Produktion und Kommunikation – Energie" (in German). The Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  6. ^ "Energy Consumption in 2001" (PDF). Statistics Finland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
  7. ^ "New delay in start-up of Finnish EPR : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News".
  8. ^ "Finnish energy groups interested in building sixth nuclear reactor". Monsters and Critics. 28 March 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
  9. ^ "Kemianteollisuuden vienti toimialoittain". Chemical Industry Federation of Finland (in Finnish). Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  10. ^ a b "Sweden to replace existing nuclear plants with new ones". BBC News. 18 June 2010.
  11. ^ "Kraftläget i Sverige, Vattensituationen" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  12. ^ "Nuclear Power in Sweden". World Nuclear Association. September 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  13. ^ "Swedish nuclear power station leaks high levels of radioactive waste into Baltic" – Forbes 29 June 2005
  14. ^ a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sweden. Agenda 21 – Natural Resource Aspects – Sweden. 5th Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, April 1997.
  15. ^ a b Vidal, John. Sweden plans to be world's first oil-free economy. The Guardian, 2/8/06. Retrieved 2/13/07.
  16. ^ Principles for determining the transfer capacities in the Nordic power market Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine page 4 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), 2010-02-16. Retrieved: 24 September 2010.
  17. Nord Pool Spot
    . Retrieved: 24 September 2010.
  18. ^ Nielsen, Claus Kastberg. The economic consequences of capacity limitations on the Oresund connection Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine page 5 Energinet.dk, 11 December 2006. Retrieved: 24 September 2010.

External links

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