Orange-crowned warbler
Orange-crowned warbler | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Parulidae |
Genus: | Leiothlypis |
Species: | L. celata
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Binomial name | |
Leiothlypis celata (Say, 1822)
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Range of L. celata Breeding range Year-round range Wintering range
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Synonyms | |
Helmintophila celata |
The orange-crowned warbler (Leiothlypis celata) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.
Taxonomy
The orange-crowned warbler was
Four subspecies are recognised:[6]
- L. c. celata (Say, 1822) – breeds in central Alaska to south Canada, winters in Guatemala
- L. c. lutescens (Ridgway, 1872) – breeds in west Canada and west USA, winters in Guatemala
- L. c. orestera (Oberholser, 1905) – breeds in west central Canada and west central USA, winters in Mexico
- L. c. sordida (Townsend, CH, 1890) – resident in south California (southwest USA) and northwest Mexico
Description
The orange-crowned warbler has olive-grey upperparts, yellowish underparts with faint streaking and a thin pointed bill. It has a faint line over each eye and a faint broken eye ring. The orange patch on the crown is usually not visible. Females and immatures are duller in colour than males. Western birds are yellower than eastern birds. Orange-crowned warblers are distinguished by their lack of wing bars, streaking on the underparts, strong face marking or bright colouring, resembling a fall Tennessee warbler and a black-throated blue warbler, both of which are also members of the New World warbler family.
The song of is a trill, descending in pitch and volume. The call is a high chip.
Standard Measurements[7][8] | |
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length | 4.8–5.3 in (120–130 mm) |
weight | 9 g (0.32 oz) |
wingspan | 7.25 in (184 mm) |
wing | 56.9–62.5 mm (2.24–2.46 in) |
tail | 46–51.5 mm (1.81–2.03 in) |
culmen | 10–11.2 mm (0.39–0.44 in) |
tarsus | 16.5–18.5 mm (0.65–0.73 in) |
Distribution and habitat
Their breeding habitat is open shrubby areas across Canada, Alaska and the western United States. These birds migrate in the winter to the southern United States and south to Central America. Although they are quite common in the western United States, they are uncommon in the east.[9]
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
The nest is a small open cup well-concealed on the ground under vegetation or low in shrubs. The female builds the nest; four to six eggs are laid in a nest on the ground or in a low bush. Both parents feed the young.[7]
Food and feeding
They forage actively in low shrubs, flying from perch to perch, sometimes hovering. These birds eat insects, berries and nectar.[9]
References
- . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- .
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 7.
- ^ Sangster, George (2008). "A revision of Vermivora (Parulidae) with the description of a new genus". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 128: 207–211 [210–211].
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ a b Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 323.
- ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
- ^ S2CID 216482621.
- Peluc, S.I.; Sillett, T.S.; Rotenberry, J.T.; Ghalambor, C.K. (2008). "Adaptive plasticity in nest site selection in response to increased predation risk". Behavioral Ecology. 19: 830–835. .
External links
- Orange-crowned warbler - Island Misfits at Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center
- Orange-crowned warbler species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Orange-crowned warbler - Vermivora celata - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
- BirdLife species factsheet for Vermivora celata
- "Oreothlypis celata". Avibase.
- "Orange-crowned warbler media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Orange-crowned warbler photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Audio recordings of Orange-crowned warbler on Xeno-canto.