Orodes I of Parthia
| Orodes I 𐭅𐭓𐭅𐭃 | |
|---|---|
Arsacid dynasty | |
| Father | Gotarzes I |
| Mother | Ariazate (?) |
| Religion | Zoroastrianism |
Orodes I (also spelled Urud I; Parthian: 𐭅𐭓𐭅𐭃 Wērōd/Urūd), was king of the Parthian Empire from 80 to 75 BC. He was the son and heir of Gotarzes I (r. 91–87/80 BC). His reign is relatively obscure. His throne may have been usurped in 87–80 BC by his supposed uncle Mithridates III, however, this has found little support in scholarship. Of his military activities, it is known that Orodes I re-established Parthian rule in Elymais in 78 BC, which had been independent since 81/80 BC. Orodes I later lost the throne to the aged Parthian prince Sinatruces, who belonged to a different branch of the royal Arsacid family.
Name
Orōdēs (Ὀρώδης) is the
Biography
Orodes was the son and heir of Parthian king Gotarzes I (r. 91–87/80 BC).[4] Rahim M. Shayegan (2011) has suggested that Orodes was one of the figures depicted on the rock relief of Gotarzes I at Mount Behistun.[5] Orodes' mother may have been the Armenian queen Ariazate, who was a daughter of Tigranes the Great (r. 95–55 BC).[6]
According to Gholamreza F. Assar (2006), after the death of Gotarzes I in 87 BC, his brother Mithridates III usurped the throne from Orodes.[7] In August/September 80 BC, Mithridates III was dethroned in Babylon, and was shortly afterwards expelled from Susa by Orodes.[8] Mithridates III may have survived this event and managed to flee to the north, where he continued fighting until he died the following year.[9] Other scholars, however, do not support the existence of a Mithridates III ruling in the 80s BC.[10] According to Shayegan, the existence of rival kings such as Mithridates III during this period "repose primarily upon numismatic evidence, may find scant support in the literary and documentary sources, and can be contradicted by a diverging interpretation of the period's coinage."[11] Shayegan deduced that Gotarzes I reigned till his death in c. 80 BC, and was succeeded by Orodes I.[12]
Orodes I reigned during a period coined in scholarship as the "
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The kingdom of
Notes
- ^ Orodes I, for example, was recorded in cuneiforms as Aršakā / Aršakam (šarru/šar šarrāni) ša ițțarridu Urudā (šarru); "Arsaces (king/king of kings) who is called Urud, (king)", closely resembling the Achaemenid variant Umakuš/Aršu ša Artakšatsu šarru/šar mātāti šumšu nabu; "Ochos/Arses who is called Artaxerxes king/king of the lands[20]
References
- ^ Bivar 1983, p. 98; al-Rayhani 2006, p. 147
- ^ Marcato 2018, p. 55.
- ^ al-Rayhani 2006, p. 147.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 226.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, pp. 197, 226.
- ^ Assar 2006, p. 74.
- ^ Assar 2006, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Assar 2006, pp. 59, 70.
- ^ a b Assar 2006, p. 77.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 232; Curtis 2012, p. 68; Olbrycht 2016, p. 23
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 197.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, pp. 228, 232.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, pp. 188–189; Sellwood 1976, p. 2; Mørkholm 1980, p. 33
- ^ Sellwood 1976, p. 2.
- ^ Assar 2006, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Assar 2006, pp. 71, 76, 80.
- ^ Brosius 2000.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 228.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 232.
- ^ a b Shayegan 2011, p. 291.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 292.
- ^ a b c Shayegan 2011, p. 325.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, pp. 324–325.
- ^ Olbrycht 2015, pp. 362–363; Olbrycht 2016, pp. 23–24; Shayegan 2011, p. 230
- ^ Olbrycht 2016, p. 3.
- ^ Gazerani 2015, p. 20.
Sources
- al-Rayhani, Ali ibn 'Ubayda (2006). Moshen Zakeri (ed.). Persian Wisdom in Arabic Garb (2 vols.). Vol. 66. Brill.
- Assar, Gholamreza F. (2006). A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 BC. Vol. 8: Papers Presented to David Sellwood. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. )
- Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In ISBN 0-521-20092-X.
- Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. London et al.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2012). "Parthian coins: Kingship and Divine Glory". The Parthian Empire and its Religions. Computus Druck Satz & Verlag. pp. 67–83. ISBN 9783940598134.
- Gazerani, Saghi (2015). The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography. BRILL. pp. 1–250. ISBN 9789004282964.
- Marcato, Enrico (2018). Personal Names in the Aramaic Inscriptions of Hatra. Digital Publishing. ISBN 9788869692314.
- Mørkholm, Otto (1980). "The Parthian Coinage of Seleucia on the Tigris, c. 90-55 B.C.". The Numismatic Chronicle. 20. Royal Numismatic Society: 33–47. JSTOR 42667078. (registration required)
- Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2015). "Arsacid Iran and the nomads of Central Asia – Ways of cultural transfer". Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millenium CE. Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology. Vol. 7. Bonn. pp. 333–390.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion. Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781785702082.
- Sellwood, David (1976). "The Drachms of the Parthian "Dark Age"". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1 (1). S2CID 161619682. (registration required)
- Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539. ISBN 9780521766418.