Parallel Lines

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Blondie album. For the geometry term, see Parallel (geometry). For other uses, see Parallel Lines (disambiguation).

Parallel Lines
The band members of Blondie standing behind a black and white wall. Debbie Harry (standing center right, with her clenched hands on her hips) is seen wearing a white dress while the rest of the band wears business suits with a black tie.
Studio album by
Blondie
ReleasedSeptember 23, 1978
RecordedJune–July 1978
StudioRecord Plant (New York City)
Genre
Length39:06
LabelChrysalis
ProducerMike Chapman
Blondie chronology
Plastic Letters
(1977) 		Parallel Lines
(1978) 		Eat to the Beat
(1979)
Singles from Parallel Lines
  1. "
    Picture This
    "
    Released: August 1978
  2. "I'm Gonna Love You Too"
    Released: September 1978
  3. "Hanging on the Telephone"
    Released: October 30, 1978
  4. "Heart of Glass"
    Released: January 3, 1979
  5. "Sunday Girl"
    Released: May 1979
  6. "One Way or Another"
    Released: May 14, 1979

Parallel Lines is the third studio album by American rock band Blondie, released on September 23, 1978, by Chrysalis Records to international commercial success. The album reached No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart in February 1979 and proved to be the band's commercial breakthrough in the United States, where it reached No. 6 on the Billboard 200 in April 1979. In Billboard magazine, Parallel Lines was listed at No. 9 in its top pop albums year-end chart of 1979. The album spawned several successful singles, notably the international hit "Heart of Glass".

Background

"Musically, Blondie were hopelessly horrible when we first began rehearsing for Parallel Lines, and in terms of my attitude they didn't know what had hit them. I basically went in there like Adolf Hitler and said, 'You are going to make a great record, and that means you're going to start playing better.'"

—Mike Chapman, in an interview for Sound on Sound, recalling Blondie's initial musical inexperience[1]

Blondie's second studio album, Plastic Letters (1978), was their last album produced by Richard Gottehrer, whose sound had formed the basis of Blondie's new wave and punk output. During a tour of the west coast of the US in support of Plastic Letters, Blondie encountered Australian producer Mike Chapman in California. Peter Leeds, Blondie's manager, conspired with Chrysalis Records to encourage Chapman to work with Blondie on new music. Drummer Clem Burke recalls feeling enthusiastic about the proposition, believing Chapman could create innovative and eclectic records. However, lead vocalist Debbie Harry was far less enthusiastic about Chapman's involvement as she knew him only by reputation; according to Chapman, her animosity towards him was because "they were New York. [He] was L.A.". Harry's cautiousness abated after she played Chapman early cuts of "Heart of Glass" and "Sunday Girl" and he was impressed.[2]

Recording

In June 1978 the band entered the Record Plant in New York to record their third album, and first with Chapman.[2] However, Chapman found the band difficult to work with, remembering them as the worst band he ever worked with in terms of musical ability, although praising Frank Infante as "an amazing guitarist". Sessions with Chris Stein were hampered by his being stoned during recording, and Chapman encouraged him to write songs rather than play guitar. Similarly, according to Chapman, Jimmy Destri would prove himself to be far better at songwriting than as a keyboardist, and Clem Burke had poor timing playing drums. As a result, Chapman spent time improving the band, especially Stein with whom Chapman spent hours rerecording his parts to ensure they were right.[1] Bassist Nigel Harrison became so frustrated with Chapman's drive for perfection that he threw a synthesizer at him during recording.[2] Chapman recalls the atmosphere at the Record Plant in an interview for Sound on Sound:

The Blondies were tough in the studio, real tough. None of them liked each other, except Chris and Debbie, and there was so much animosity. They were really, really juvenile in their approach to life—a classic New York underground rock band—and they didn't give a fuck about anything. They just wanted to have fun and didn't want to work too hard getting it.[1]

Chapman took an unorthodox approach when recording with Harry whom he describes as "a great singer and a great vocal stylist, with a beautifully identifiable voice. However ... also very moody". Chapman was far more cautious of demanding much from Harry as he saw her as a highly emotional person who would vest these emotions in the songs they made. He remembers Harry disappearing into the bathroom in tears for several hours at a time during recording.[1] During a day of recording, Harry sang two lead parts and some harmonies, less work than she did previously with Gottehrer. This was due to Chapman encouraging her to be cautious about the way she sang, particularly to recognise phrasing, timing and attitude.[2]

Blondie recorded Parallel Lines in six weeks, despite being given six months by Terry Ellis, co-founder of Chrysalis Records, to do so.

Les Paul guitar.[1] King Crimson leader Robert Fripp
makes a guest appearance on guitar on "Fade Away and Radiate".

After the basic track was complete, Chapman would record lead and backing vocals with Harry. However, this process was hampered by many songs not being written in time for the vocals to be recorded. "Sunday Girl", "Picture This" and "One Way Or Another" were all unfinished during the rehearsal sessions. When recording vocal parts, Chapman remembers asking Harry if she was ready to sing, only for her to reply "Yeah, just a minute" as she was still writing lyrics down. Chapman notes that many "classic" songs from the album were created this way.[1]

During the last session at the Record Plant, the band were asleep on the floor only to be awakened at six o'clock in the morning by Mike Chapman and his engineer Peter Coleman leaving for Los Angeles with the tape tracks.[2] Despite Blondie's belief that Parallel Lines would resonate with a wider audience, Chrysalis Records was not as enthusiastic; label executives told them to start again, only to be dissuaded by Chapman's assurance that its singles would prove popular.

Music and lyrics

According to music journalist

the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever as influences for the song and said that he was "trying to get that groove that the drummer for the Bee Gees had".[8]

Lyrically, Parallel Lines abandoned what

postmodernist referencing" of Blondie's previous new wave songs in favor of a "romantic fatalism" that was new for the band.[7] "Sunday Girl" deals with the theme of teen loneliness. Music critic Rob Sheffield said that the lyric "dusty frames that still arrive / die in 1955", in "Fade Away and Radiate", is the "best lyric in any rock'n'roll song, ever, and it's still the ultimate statement of a band that always found some pleasure worth exploiting in the flashy and the temporary."[9]

Title and packaging

Parallel Lines took its name from an unused track written by Harry, the lyrics of which were included in the first vinyl edition of the album. The cover sleeve image was photographed by Edo Bertoglio and was chosen by Blondie's manager, Peter Leeds, despite being rejected by the band. The photo shows the band posing in matching dress suits and smiling broadly in contrast to Harry who poses defiantly with her hands on her hips while wearing a white dress and high heels.[2] According to music journalist Tim Peacock, the cover became "iconic – and instantly recognisable".[10]

Release and promotion

The album was released by Chrysalis in September 1978,

Our Price Records on Kensington High Street; according to Peacock, it "descended into Beatlemania-esque chaos when the band were mobbed by thousands of fans".[10]

Parallel Lines was also a commercial success elsewhere in Europe, Australia, and the United States, where the band had struggled to sell their previous records. "Heart of Glass" became their first number-one hit on the American Billboard Hot 100, with help from a promotional video directed by Stanley Dorfman depicting Blondie in a performance of the song at a fashionable nightclub in New York. The single was "responsible for turning the band into bona fide superstars", Peacock said.

Reception and legacy

Retrospective professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Encyclopedia of Popular Music
[15]
Entertainment WeeklyB[16]
Pitchfork9.7/10[17]
Q[18]
Rolling Stone[7]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[19]
Slant Magazine[20]
Spin Alternative Record Guide10/10[21]

The album was met with universal acclaim from critics.

crossover smash with sparkling guitar sounds, terrific hooks and middle-eights more memorable than some groups' choruses."[18]

In a retrospective appraisal of 1970s post-punk albums, Spin magazine's Sasha Frere-Jones said Parallel Lines may have been "the perfect pop-rock record" and Blondie's best album.[25] Christian John Wikane from PopMatters later called it "a creative and commercial masterpiece by Blondie ... indisputably one of the great, classic albums of the rock and roll era."[26] In the opinion of Pitchfork critic Scott Plagenhoef, the album popularized "the look and sound of 1980s new wave" with classic songs that showcased the depth and complexity of Harry's sexuality and singing.[17] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine was also impressed by her singing, which he felt varied from "purring like a kitten and then building to a mean growl", and cited "Heart of Glass" as the album's best track because of her "honey-dipped vocal".[20]

In 2000, Parallel Lines was voted number 57 in Colin Larkin's book All Time Top 1000 Albums.[27] Three years later, it was ranked at number 140 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time,[8] maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list, and moved slightly down to number 146 in the 2020 revision;[28][29]an accompanying essay said the album was "where punk and New Wave broke through to a mass U.S. audience".[8] It has also been placed at number 18 and 45 on NME's 100 Best Albums of All Time (2003)[30] and 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2013) lists,[31] respectively; number 7 on Blender's 100 Greatest American Albums of All Time;[32] number 94 on Channel 4's 2005 list of the 100 greatest albums of all time;[33] and number 76 on Pitchfork's list of the best albums from the 1970s.[34]

Accolades

In 2024, "Parallel Lines" was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[35][36]

Reissues

The album was reissued and remastered in 2001 along with Blondie's back catalog, and featured four bonus tracks: a 1978 demo of "Heart of Glass", a live cover of T. Rex's song "Bang a Gong (Get It On)", and two live tracks taken from the Picture This Live live album.[37]

On June 24, 2008, an expanded 30th Anniversary Edition of the album was released,[38] which featured new artwork[39] and bonus tracks along with bonus DVD.[40] The liner notes once again featured lyrics to the unfinished "Parallel Lines" song. The Parallel Lines 30th Anniversary Edition included the 7″ single version of "Heart of Glass", the French version of "Sunday Girl" and some remixes, plus a DVD with albums, promo videos and TV performance.

The band also launched a world tour of the same name to promote the re-release and celebrate the event.[41]

Track listing

Side one
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."
Picture This"
2:53
4."Fade Away and Radiate"Stein3:57
5."Pretty Baby"
  • Harry
  • Stein
3:16
6."I Know but I Don't Know"Frank Infante3:53
Side two
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
7."11:59"Destri3:19
8."Will Anything Happen?"Lee2:55
9."Sunday Girl"Stein3:01
10."Heart of Glass"
  • Harry
  • Stein
3:54
11."I'm Gonna Love You Too" (Buddy Holly cover)
2:03
12."Just Go Away"Harry3:21
2001 remastered reissue bonus tracks
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
13."Once I Had a Love (aka The Disco Song)" (1978 version) (recorded June 3, 1978, at The Record Plant, NYC[42])
  • Harry
  • Stein
3:18
14."Bang a Gong (Get It On)" (recorded live November 4, 1978, at The Paradise in Boston, MA)Marc Bolan5:30
15."I Know but I Don't Know" (recorded live November 6, 1978, at the Walnut Theatre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)Infante4:35
16."Hanging on the Telephone" (recorded live 1980 in Dallas, Texas)Lee2:21
2008 deluxe collector's edition bonus tracks
No.TitleLength
13."Heart of Glass" (7″ single version)4:10
14."Sunday Girl" (French version) (from "Sunday Girl" 12″ single)3:04
15."Hanging on the Telephone" (Nosebleed Handbag Remix) (from Beautiful: The Remix Album)6:14
16."Fade Away and Radiate" (108 BPM Remix) (from Beautiful: The Remix Album)5:16
2008 deluxe collector's edition bonus DVD
No.TitleLength
1."Heart of Glass" 
2."Hanging on the Telephone" 
3."Picture This" 
4."Sunday Girl" (live on Top of the Pops) 
2010
Mail on Sunday promo bonus tracks
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
13."What I Heard"
3:15
14."Girlie Girlie" (Sophia George cover)
  • Anthony Davis
  • Lloyd Douglas
  • Steve Golding
3:25

Notes

  • The album version of "Heart of Glass" was replaced with the disco version (5:50 long) on pressings of the album from March 1979 onward. The original length version of "Heart of Glass" appeared on the original US CD release in 1985 (Chrysalis VK 41192, later F2 21192) although the CD artwork proclaimed it was the disco version. Later editions of the Capitol disc had the mistake removed from the inlay but it remained on the disc until its deletion. The 1994 DCC Compact Classics Gold CD release (Capitol Special Markets USA GSZ 1062) features the original version with the disco version as a bonus track.
  • A promotional CD of the album was given away free with the British newspaper The Mail on Sunday on December 5, 2010, including the bonus tracks "What I Heard" and "Girlie Girlie" from the band's 2011 album Panic of Girls.[43]

Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Parallel Lines.[44]

Blondie

Additional personnel

  • Robert Fripp – guitar on "Fade Away and Radiate"
  • Mike Chapman – production, backing vocals on "Hanging on the Telephone"[a] and "Heart of Glass"[45]
  • Pete Coleman – production assistance, engineering
  • Grey Russell – engineering assistance
  • Steve Hall – mastering at MCA Whitney Studio (Glendale, California)
  • Edo Bertoglio – photography
  • Ramey Communications – art direction, design
  • Frank Duarte – illustration
  • Jerry Rodriguez – lettering
  • Kevin Flaherty – production (2001 reissue)

Charts

Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for Parallel Lines
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[73] Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[74] 4× Platinum 400,000^
Netherlands (NVPI)[75] Gold 50,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[76] Platinum 15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[78] Platinum 1,694,353[77]
United States (RIAA)[80] Platinum 1,500,000[79]
Yugoslavia[81] Platinum 100,000[81]
Summaries
Worldwide — 16,000,000
disputed – discuss
]

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Notes

  1. ^ In the documentary Blondie's New York... and the Making of Parallel Lines (2014), Mike Chapman states his additional vocals were overdubbed to the outro of the song. He also proves this by playing the master track isolated during the interview in his studio.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Buskin, Richard (June 2008). "Blondie 'Hanging on the Telephone'". Sound on Sound. Cambridge. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9781780381299
    .
  3. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (October 30, 1978). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Ruhlmann, William. "Parallel Lines – Blondie". AllMusic. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  5. ^ Tucker, Ken (November 3, 1982). "Parallel Lines". Rolling Stone. New York. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  6. ^ Bangs 1980, p. 62.
  7. ^ a b c Berger, Arion (June 8, 2000). "Blondie: Parallel Lines". Rolling Stone. New York. p. 129. Archived from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Parallel Lines – Blondie". Rolling Stone. New York. November 18, 2003. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  9. ISSN 0886-3032 – via Google Books
    .
  10. ^ a b c d Peacock, Tim (September 23, 2018). "How 'Parallel Lines' Led Blondie Straight To The Top". uDiscover. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  11. ^ "Blondie". AllMusic. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  12. ISBN 0-89820-147-0
    .
  13. ^ Weiner, Jonah. "Blondie: Parallel Lines". Blender. New York. Archived from the original on August 18, 2004. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  14. ISBN 0-89919-026-X
    . Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  15. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8
    .
  16. ^ Weingarten, Marc (September 21, 2001). "Blondie: Blondie / Plastic Letters / Parallel Lines / Eat to the Beat / Autoamerican / The Hunter". Entertainment Weekly. New York. p. 85.
  17. ^ a b Plagenhoef, Scott (August 1, 2008). "Blondie: Parallel Lines: Deluxe Edition". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  18. ^ a b "Blondie: Parallel Lines". Q. No. 182. London. October 2001. p. 143.
  19. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
    . Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  20. ^ a b Cinquemani, Sal (October 7, 2003). "Blondie: Parallel Lines". Slant Magazine. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  21. ISBN 0-679-75574-8
    .
  22. ^ Christgau, Robert (September 2008). "Blondie: Parallel Lines". Blender. No. 73. New York. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  23. ^ Rockwell, John (December 22, 1978). "The Pop Life". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  24. ^ Easlea, Daryl (2007). "Blondie Parallel Lines Review". BBC Music. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  25. ISSN 0886-3032
    – via Google Books.
  26. ^ Wikane, Christian John (July 3, 2008). "Blondie: Parallel Lines". PopMatters. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  27. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6
    .
  28. ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. New York. May 31, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  29. ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. December 31, 2023.
  30. ^ "NME Writers' All Time Top 100 Albums". timepieces.nl. March 2003. Archived from the original on September 17, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  31. ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time: 100–1". NME. London. October 25, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  32. ^ "100 Greatest American Albums of All Time". Blender. New York. Archived from the original on November 12, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  33. ^ "Radiohead top C4 albums poll". Music Week. London. April 18, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
  34. ^ "The 100 Best Albums of the 1970s". Pitchfork. June 23, 2004. p. 3. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  35. ^ "National Recording Registry Inducts Sounds of ABBA, Blondie, The Cars, The Chicks, Juan Gabriel, Green Day, The Notorious B.I.G. and Lily Tomlin". LOC.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  36. ^ ABBA, Blondie, The Notorious B.I.G. among 2024's additions to National Recording Registry - CBS News
  37. ^ "Parallel Lines [album]". deborah-harry.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  38. ^ "Blondie Celebrating 30th Birthday Of 'Parallel Lines'". Billboard. May 20, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  39. ^ "'Parallel Lines' 30th Anniversary collector's edition artwork". deborah-harry.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  40. ^ "'Parallel Lines' 30th anniversary collector's edition press release (May 2008)". deborah-harry.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  41. ^ "Blondie To Fete 'Parallel Lines' 30th Anniversary With Tour, Reissue". Billboard. May 7, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  42. ^ Against the Odds 1974–1982 (liner notes). Blondie. Capitol, Universal. 2022. 00602508760969.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  43. ^ "Free download of "Mother" now available!". blondie.net. December 5, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  44. ^ Parallel Lines (liner notes). Blondie. Chrysalis Records. 1978. CHR 1192.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  45. ^ Spiegel, Amy Rose; Shipley, Ken (July 2018). "Blondie: Once I Had a Love". The Numero Group. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  46. ^ Kent 1993, pp. 37–38.
  47. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Blondie – Parallel Lines" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  48. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 4774a". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  49. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Blondie – Parallel Lines" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  50. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5
    .
  51. GfK Entertainment Charts
    . Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  52. ^ "Classifiche". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved May 31, 2022. Select "Album" in the "Tipo" field, type "Blondie" in the "Artista" field and press "cerca".
  53. ^ "Charts.nz – Blondie – Parallel Lines". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  54. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Blondie – Parallel Lines". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  55. ISSN 0006-2510
    – via Google Books.
  56. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Blondie – Parallel Lines". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  57. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  58. ^ "Blondie Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  59. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  60. ^ "Official Physical Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  61. ^ "Official Vinyl Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  62. ^ "Official IFPI Charts Top-75 Albums Sales Chart". IFPI. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  63. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 1978" (in Dutch). Dutch Charts. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  64. ISBN 0-906154-02-2
    .
  65. ^ Kent 1993, p. 431.
  66. ISSN 0315-5994
    – via Library and Archives Canada.
  67. ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1979" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  68. ^ "Top Selling Albums of 1979". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  69. ISSN 0265-1548
    .
  70. ^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1979". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  71. ISSN 0144-5804
    – via World Radio History.
  72. ^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1980". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  73. ^ Adams, Cameron (May 13, 2015). "Great albums to only reach number two in Australia". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  74. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Blondie – Parallel Lines". Music Canada. June 1, 1980.
  75. ^ "Dutch album certifications – Blondie – Parallel Lines" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved August 5, 2018. Enter Parallel Lines in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1979 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
  76. ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Blondie – Parallel Lines". Recorded Music NZ. November 11, 1979. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  77. ^ Harris, Bill (November 17, 2006). "Queen rules – in album sales". Jam!. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  78. ^ "British album certifications – Blondie – Parallel Lines". British Phonographic Industry. February 6, 1979.
  79. ^ "La pop-star che fa impazzire i teenagers – Arriva Debbie dei Blondie". La Stampa (in Italian). May 25, 1981. p. 32. Retrieved March 20, 2021. Tra l'altro, il cosciente tentativo di rendere la loro musicati piii commerciale possibile ha funzionato, dal momento che solo negli Stati, Uniti ne sono state vendute un milione e mezzo di copie
  80. ^ "American album certifications – Blondie – Parallel Lines". Recording Industry Association of America. June 6, 1979.
  81. ^
    ISSN 0006-2510
    – via Google Books.
  82. ^ "Blondie's New York... and the Making of Parallel Lines". BBC Four. August 25, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2021.

Bibliography

Further reading
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parallel_Lines&oldid=1229914922"