True Blue (Madonna album)
True Blue | ||||
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Studio album by | ||||
Released | June 30, 1986 | |||
Recorded | December 1985 – April 1986 | |||
Studio | Channel (Los Angeles) | |||
Genre | Dance-pop[1] | |||
Length | 40:20 | |||
Label |
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Producer |
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Madonna chronology | ||||
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Singles from True Blue | ||||
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True Blue is the third
Upon release, the album was well received by critics, who complimented Madonna's vocals and musical growth. It was an immediate global success, reaching number one in a record-breaking 28 countries across the world. With over 25 million copies sold worldwide, True Blue is the best-selling album of 1986, the best-selling of the 1980s by a female artist, and one of the best-selling albums of all time. Five singles were released from the album ―all reached the top five of the Billboard Hot 100, with three going to number one. The album was promoted on Madonna's second concert tour, 1987's Who's That Girl World Tour, which visited cities in Asia, North America, and Europe. True Blue is credited as the album that established Madonna's position as the biggest female artist of the 1980s, rivaling male musicians like Michael Jackson and Prince. It's also considered the album that made her an icon and artist.
Background
In February 1985, Madonna began dating actor Sean Penn, whom she met in the set of the music video for her single "Material Girl".[3] She recalled that Penn was someone "whose work I’d admired, and I think he felt the same way [...] We have so much in common he is almost like my brother".[4] They dated casually and married six months later, on Madonna's 27th birthday.[4][5] Afterwards, the newlyweds starred together in a movie called Shanghai Surprise (1986), which was a critical and commercial failure.[5]
Madonna met producer Patrick Leonard while on the Virgin Tour, where he was hired as musical director.[6] After the tour was finished, Madonna asked Leonard if he wanted to work with her.[7] They met at a barbecue in his house, where he showed her a song he'd created in his studio called "Love Makes the World Go Round", which Madonna sang at the Philadelphia Live Aid benefit concert on July 13, 1985.[6][8] Leonard and Madonna's next collaboration was a balllad called "Live to Tell", which was conceived as an instrumental for the score of Paramount's film Fire with Fire (1986).[9] Paramount, however, rejected the track; Leonard then asked Madonna if she could write the lyrics.[6] She complied, and decided to use the track on At Close Range, a movie starring Penn.[7]
On April 5, 1986, Billboard reported that Madonna's new album would be called Live to Tell, and released in the summer.[10] One month later, the title was confirmed to be True Blue, named after a favorite expression Penn's.[11][12] Described by the singer as her "most personal" work at the time, she wanted to reach a wider, more mature audience.[13][14] Pleased with the results of "Live to Tell", she chose to keep Leonard on the project, and also enlisted former boyfriend Stephen Bray, with whom she had worked on her second album Like a Virgin (1984), and felt could help her create "up-tempo songs with a classic Top 40 sensibility".[15]
Development
"I like to have control but I'm not a tyrant [...] I like to be surrounded by really talented, intelligent people who I trust, and ask them for their advice and get their input too".
—Madonna on working with Leonard and Bray on True Blue.[16]
True Blue was recorded at the Channel Studios in
"
Composition
Daryl Easlea, author of Madonna: Blond Ambition, described True Blue as a "girlish" album, "the sound of a woman in love".
Third track "White Heat" was dedicated to actor
"La Isla Bonita" combines
Artwork and release
The album cover was shot by photographer
Lucy O'Brien described the cover as a "moment of Warholian pop art. A mixture of innocence [and] idealism [...] Our first glimpse of Madonna as a classic icon".[48] For J. Randy Taraborrelli, author of Madonna: An Intimate Biography, the artwork indicated how "[True Blue] was a vehicle of growth for [Madonna]"; the "washed out color photograph" cover was "understated", especially when compared to the "sexier poses" she had been associated with in the past.[15] For Joe Lynch from Billboard, it's one of the greatest album covers of all time.[50]
True Blue was released on June 30, 1986.[51][52] In the United States and Canada, the cover did not include the singer's name. Heiden explained in an interview with Aperture magazine that the record company thought it would be "cool" to use a shrink wrap on American releases, so that when the public took it off, they'd be left with the photograph of Madonna.[49] In Europe, Warner felt that the name was needed, as they did not want to risk messing with Madonna's popularity. The back sleeve and booklet feature the song titles in Heiden's own handwriting.[49] About cropping the image for the cassette and vinyl releases, Heiden said: "I think the image became more interesting cropped into a square—and at that time we always started with the album cover configuration. It was like she was floating—her clothing was not visible. She took on the appearance of a marble statue—Goddess like. In the vertical cropping you see her leather jacket and the wall, and it becomes more typical, editorial, earthly".[49] On May 22, 2001, Warner Bros. released a remastered edition of the album with two additional remixes of "True Blue" and "La Isla Bonita".[53][54] Twenty years later, a 35th anniversary edition was released; it includes additional remixes, dub and instrumental versions.[55] It was reissued on crystal clear vinyl on November 8, 2019.[56]
Promotion
Tour
True Blue was promoted on 1987's Who's That Girl World Tour, Madonna's second concert tour.[57] It was her first world tour, and marked her first visit to Europe and Asia.[57] Musically and technically superior to the Virgin Tour, with a larger stage and four huge video screens used as backdrops, it was described by Madonna herself as a "theatrical multimedia spectacular".[58][57] Collaborating with Marlene Stewart on the wardrobe, she expanded the idea of "bringing her popular video characters to life onstage", recreating scenes from "True Blue", "Papa Don't Preach" and "La Isla Bonita".[59] Who's That Girl was critically appreciated, with reviewers singling out the performances, Madonna's vocals and confidence as a performer.[58][60][61] The tour's performance of "Papa Don't Preach" marked her first conflict with the Vatican, as she dedicated it to Pope John Paul II, who urged Italian fans to boycott the concerts in the country.[62] With a total gross of US$25 million, Who's That Girl was the second most successful female tour of the year, behind Tina Turner's Break Every Rule World Tour.[63][64]
Singles
In the United States, "Live to Tell" was released on March 26, 1986, whereas in Europe, the release date was April 14.[65] It was acclaimed by critics, with some deeming it Madonna's best ballad, and singling out her vocal performance.[20][66] It was also commercially successful, becoming the singer's third number one in the US Billboard Hot 100, and her first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart.[67][68] The music video, directed by James Foley, shows the singer in a more demure, toned down appearance, inspired by actresses such as Grace Kelly, intercut with clips from At Close Range.[69]
On June 11, "Papa Don't Preach" was released as True Blue's second single in the United States; in Europe, it was issued five days later.[70]
It was lauded by critics, who applauded its hook, maturity, and referred to it as a milestone in Madonna's career.
Title track "True Blue" was released as third single; first on Europe on September 29, and then in the United States on October 9.[80] It was generally well received by music critics, who praised its retro-inspired sound and felt it was a throwback to girl groups.[81][72] "True Blue" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, and reached the third position of the Hot 100.[74][67] Two music videos were shot for the single: the official one was directed by Foley and shows Madonna with three dancers and a 1950s car in an all-blue diner.[82] An alternate video was made through MTV's "Make My Video" contest; the three entries selected portrayed a fifties-style production, and made allusion to the song's theme.[83]
Released in the US on November 12, 1986, and in Europe on December 1, fourth single "Open Your Heart" gave Madonna her fifth number one in Hot 100;
The last single from the album was "La Isla Bonita", released on February 25, 1987.[88] Critics reacted positively to the song and applauded its Latin-influenced sound.[89][90] Peaking at number 4, it was Madonna's eleventh top five hit on the Hot 100, a feat surpassed at the time only by the Beatles and Elvis Presley.[67] "La Isla Bonita" also gave the singer her second Adult Contemporary number one.[68] Mary Lambert directed the music video, which shows Madonna as two opposite characters – a young Catholic woman, and a flamenco dancer.[91][92] Despite not being released as a single, "Where's The Party" received airplay on radio station WKSI "Kiss FM" due to demand from the public.[93]
Critical reception
Review scores | |
---|---|
Source | Rating |
Encyclopedia of Popular Music | [97] |
Entertainment Weekly | B[98] |
Q | [99] |
Rolling Stone | [71] |
Slant Magazine | [72] |
Spin Alternative Record Guide | 5/10[100] |
True Blue was generally well received by critics. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said it was "one of the great dance-pop albums", that showcases Madonna's skills as a "songwriter, record-maker, provocateur, and entertainer through its wide reach, accomplishment, and sheer sense of fun".[1] This opinion was echoed by the staff of Billboard, who were impressed with the "confident" album, and the singer's growth as writer and producer.[101] Erika Wexler from Spin wrote: "Madonna knows her days as the chanteuse for teenage romance are numbered. With perfect timing, [she] gently distanced herself from that role, and although some of the songs [on True Blue] have the sophistication of a training bra, there are glowing moments".[25] The New York Times' Stephen Holden noted that, despite lacking the "gleaming ultra-sleek aural surfaces" of Like a Virgin, True Blue's made up of "shrewdly crafted teen-age and pre-teen-age ditties that reveal Madonna's unfailing commercial instincts", and find her singing with "a lot more heart".[33] This opinion was shared by Rolling Stone, where Davitt Sigerson referred to True Blue as a "sturdy, dependable, lovable" album, and singled out the singer's voice for sounding "better than ever".[71]
Robert Hilburn from the Los Angeles Times, pointed out that the "most obvious growth" was Madonna's voice, which is "so finely tailored that she actually extends the punch and appeal of the production touches". He went on to say: "True Blue isn't revolutionary music, but it is imaginative, highly energized pop that recognizes the limitations and pleasures of Top 40 fare".[102] PopMatters' Peter Piatkowski also applauded the singer's more mature vocals, and deemed the record "brilliant, one that speaks to its time but also celebrates the disparate cultures that influence [Madonna's] sound at the moment".[52] True Blue is the "most polished" of Madonna's first three albums, according to El Hunt from the Evening Standard.[103] In the same vein, Mary Von Aue from Stereogum said it has "more vocal range and lyrical complexities" than Like a Virgin and Madonna.[104] True Blue was hailed "nine tracks of 80s pop perfection [...] Madonna’s strongest effort from that decade" by the staff of Gay Times.[105] For Joseph Earp from Australian website Junkee, "with its era-defining production, and sweaty sheen of subversion, [True Blue is] the singer's way of understanding everything that came afterwards [...] most pop singers never release a record this good in their whole career".[106]
Lucy O'Brien pointed out that, whereas her debut and Like a Virgin were a "sound in development", True Blue sees Madonna "nail[ing] her signature style - rhythmic, dramatic, danceable, and distinctively melodic".[34] Replacing Nile Rodgers with Leonard and Bray resulted in a "less polished, but more varied" album, according to The Sunday Telegraph's Larry Nager.[107] The review ended on a somewhat critical note: True Blue is "classic pop [...] an entertaining album's worth of catchy, danceable tunes", despite "not much content beneath the candy-coating", concluded Nager.[107] Despite naming it a "supreme archetype of '80s pop music", with its tracks being "undeniably more mature" than her previous endeavors, Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani felt True Blue was home to "some of [Madonna's] biggest clunkers", and is "undeniably of its time".[72] To Karen Cooke from Australian newspaper The Age, even though it includes a couple of "tedious" tracks, "this record is full of songs to make you tap the steering wheel [and] dance in the loungeroom".[108] True Blue's main flaw is that its five singles are "so strong they overshadow" the rest of the tracks, which seem "slight by comparison", wrote Daryl Easlea.[109]
In less favorable reviews, John Quayle from the Observer–Reporter dismissed the record as "warmed over Go-Gos material", but applauded the singles for being "strong enough to convince even her worst critics that Madonna does have talent - and lots of it".[110] Mary Von Aue noted that the album experiments with "different sounds that are well executed as singles", but as a whole sounds "disjointed", concluding that, "[True Blue] doesn’t live up to the strength of [its singles]".[104] For Don McLeese from the Chicago Sun-Times, although it represents a "valiant -and necessary- attempt on Madonna's part to expand her artistic range, True Blue just isn't as much fun" as her previous records.[95] The Record-Journal's Jim Zebora was also negative: "[True Blue] contains one absolutely marvelous torch song called 'Live To Tell' [...] Unfortunately, the rest is barely competent post-disco [...] So let's call it a C plus and program the CD player to ignore eight out of [its] nine songs".[111] Finally, Larry Kilman, writing for American newspaper The Evening News, compared it negatively to the work of girl groups such as the Ronettes and the Shangri-Las, dismissing it as "mindless, inspid [and] air-headed", adding that, "[its] slick production and arrangements disguise much of the tininess of [Madonna's] voice [...] But that's as good as [True Blue] gets".[112]
Commercial performance
On July 19, 1986, True Blue entered the
In Argentina, the album reached the chart's top spot and was certified four-times platinum by the
In Japan, the album peaked at number one on the
Across Europe, True Blue sold 5 million copies by July 1987, and reached the top of the
Legacy
"True Blue launched Madonna to global superstardom, yes, but its impact on music and culture helped keep her at the top of her game for the next three decades, and it might well be the record she is remembered for for many more decades to come".
—Classic Pop's Andy Jones commenting on the impact of True Blue.[13]
True Blue has been noted as the album that made Madonna an icon and a "credible" artist.[154][155] Stephen Thomas Erlewine deemed it the point where she "truly became 'Madonna the superstar'—the endlessly ambitious, fearlessly provocative entertainer that knew how to outrage, spark debates, get good reviews—and make good music while she's at it".[1] From the BBC, Mark Savage wrote that it established her as "the first lady of pop", an opinion that was shared by Peter Piatkowski, who added that it made her the "dominant face on the Mount Rushmore of 1980s pop", along with Michael Jackson, Prince, and Bruce Springsteen.[156][52] In a similar note, Sal Cinquemani said that with True Blue, Madonna joined the ranks of Jackson and Prince and made the transition from "pop tart to consummate artist".[72] According to Lucy O'Brien, "with its sophisticated sheen, [True Blue] took Madonna firmly out of the dance-diva category into a global pop market".[34] Jack White from the Official Charts Company wrote: "True Blue, her third album, saw Madonna shoot into the realms of superstardom that her previous album Like A Virgin had cemented".[157] To Matthew Rettenmund, author of Encyclopedia Madonnica, it was the first "solid proof" of her artistic and musical talents.[158] Patrick Leonard himself explained: "The music got more serious, so I think she got taken more seriously [...] [Madonna] took some chances that I don’t know most people would have. There were things [in True Blue] that weren’t normal in pop music at the time".[28]
Slant Magazine considered True Blue one of the best albums from the 1980s; Jonathan Keefe wrote that it marked the point where "it became readily apparent that Madonna was more than just a flash-in-the-pan pop star. It's when she began manipulating her image —and her audience— with a real sense of clarity and purpose".[159] Piatkowski wrote that it "set the stage for the exponential ascent of Madonna's brilliance", that began with 1989's Like a Prayer and reached its peak on 1998's Ray of Light.[52] From music portal Albumism, Justin Chadwick conlcuded that, "[True Blue] solidified [Madonna's] blonde ambition, cemented her worldwide superstardom, and, once and for all, extinguished any remaining doubts about her potential career longevity".[160] The album also helped popularize marketing singles, according to Billboard's Paul Grein: "10 or 20 years ago you would have had two singles from an album at the most. Now we’re in an era where Madonna is on her fifth [from True Blue]".[161]
True Blue was 1986's best-selling album, and the best-selling of the 1980s decade by a female artist, with Madonna being 1986's most successful female.[162][163][164] The album held the record for being number one in a total of 28 countries around the world.[165] With over 17 million copies sold, it was named the highest-seller of all time by a female in the 1991 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records;[166] True Blue has sold more than 25 million copies worldwide, and is one of the best-selling albums of all time.[153]
Track listing
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | "Papa Don't Preach" |
| 4:29 | |
2. | "Open Your Heart" |
|
| 4:13 |
3. | "White Heat" |
|
| 4:40 |
4. | "Live to Tell" |
|
| 5:51 |
5. | "Where's the Party" |
|
| 4:21 |
6. | "True Blue" |
|
| 4:18 |
7. | "La Isla Bonita" |
|
| 4:02 |
8. | "Jimmy Jimmy" |
|
| 3:55 |
9. | "Love Makes the World Go Round" |
|
| 4:31 |
Total length: | 40:20 |
No. | Title | Remixer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|
10. | "True Blue" (The Color Mix) | Shep Pettibone | 6:40 |
11. | "La Isla Bonita" (Extended Remix) | Chris Lord-Alge | 5:27 |
Total length: | 52:27 |
No. | Title | Remixer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|
10. | "Papa Don't Preach" (Extended Remix) | Bray | 5:42 |
11. | "True Blue" (The Color Mix) | Pettibone | 6:40 |
12. | "Open Your Heart" (Extended Version) | 10:34 | |
13. | "La Isla Bonita" (Extended Remix) | Lord-Alge | 5:27 |
14. | "True Blue" (Remix/Edit) | Pettibone | 4:26 |
15. | "Open Your Heart" (Dub) |
| 6:40 |
16. | "Live to Tell" (Instrumental) | 5:50 | |
17. | "True Blue" (Instrumental) | 6:51 | |
18. | "La Isla Bonita" (Instrumental Extended Remix) | Lord-Alge | 5:18 |
Total length: | 97:00 |
Notes
- ^b signifies additional lyrics
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[167]
- Madonna – producer, lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 2, 4–9)
- Stephen Bray – producer (1, 5, 6, 8), keyboards (1, 5, 6, 8), drums (1, 5, 6, 8), drum programming (3, 9)
- Fred Zarr – additional keyboards (1, 6, 8)
- Patrick Leonard – producer (2-5, 7, 9), keyboards (2-5, 7, 9), drum programming (3, 4, 7, 9), drums (5), additional keyboards (8)
- Bruce Gaitsch – electric guitar (1), guitars (3, 4, 7), rhythm guitar (6, 8)
- John Putnam – acoustic guitar (1), electric guitar (1)
- David Williams – rhythm guitar (1), guitars (2), backing vocals (3)
- Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars (3, 9)
- Dann Huff – guitars (5)
- Jonathan Moffett – percussion (1, 8), drums (2, 3, 4), backing vocals (3)
- Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 7, 9)
- David Boroff – saxophone (5)
- Billy Meyers – string arrangements (1)
- Siedah Garrett – backing vocals (1, 5, 6, 7, 9)
- Edie Lehmann – backing vocals (1, 5, 6, 7, 9)
- Keithen Carter – backing vocals (3)
- Jackie Jackson – backing vocals (3)
- Richard Marx – backing vocals (3)
- Michael Verdick – engineer, mixing
- Michael Hutchinson – keyboard overdub engineer (8)
- Dan Nebenzal – mix assistant
- Steve Hall – mastering
- Channel Recording Studios (Los Angeles, California) – recording location
- Master Control (Burbank, California) – mixing location
- Future Disc (Hollywood, California) – mastering location
- Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff– art direction
- Jeri McManus – art direction, design
- Herb Ritts – photography
- Weisner-DeMann Entertainment – management
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
|
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
All-time charts
|
Certifications and sales
‹See Tfd›‹See Tfd›Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
---|---|---|
Argentina (CAPIF)[208] | 4× Platinum | 350,000[209] |
Australia (ARIA)[135] | 4× Platinum | 280,000^ |
Austria (IFPI Austria)[210] | Platinum | 50,000* |
Belgium (BEA)[211] | Platinum | 75,000[211] |
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[129] | Gold | 1,000,000[130] |
Canada (Music Canada)[212] | Diamond | 1,000,000^ |
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[213] | Platinum | 53,912[213] |
France ( SNEP)[143]
|
Diamond | 1,300,000[144] |
Germany (BVMI)[146] | 2× Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
Greece (IFPI Greece)[210] | Gold | 50,000^ |
Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong)[214] | Platinum | 20,000* |
Ireland (IRMA)[215] | Gold | |
Israel | — | 62,000[216] |
Italy (AFI)[210] | 4× Platinum | 1,500,000[217] |
Japan (RIAJ)[218] | Gold | 718,000[192] |
Malaysia | — | 22,000[219] |
Netherlands (NVPI)[220] | Platinum | 100,000^ |
New Zealand (RMNZ)[221] | 5× Platinum | 75,000^ |
Norway (IFPI Norway)[210] | Platinum | 110,000[222] |
Philippines (PARI)[215] | Gold | |
Portugal (AFP)[210] | Gold | 20,000^ |
Singapore | — | 25,000[a] |
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[210] | 3× Platinum | 300,000^ |
Sweden (GLF)[215] | Gold | |
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[210] | 3× Platinum | 150,000^ |
Turkey | — | 100,000[224] |
United Kingdom (BPI)[140] | 7× Platinum | 2,100,000^ |
United States (RIAA)[117] | 7× Platinum | 7,000,000^ |
Summaries | ||
Europe as of July 1987 |
— | 5,500,000[138] |
Worldwide | — | 25,000,000[127] |
* Sales figures based on certification alone. |
Notes
See also
- List of best-selling albums
- List of best-selling albums by women
- List of best-selling albums by year (UK)
- List of best-selling albums in Brazil
- List of best-selling albums in Europe
- List of best-selling albums in France
- List of best-selling albums in Italy
- List of best-selling albums in Turkey
- List of diamond-certified albums in Canada
- List of European number-one hits of 1986
- List of number-one albums from the 1980s (New Zealand)
- List of number-one albums in Australia during the 1980s
- List of number-one albums of 1986 (Canada)
- List of number-one albums of 1986 (U.S.)
- List of number-one hits of 1986 (Germany)
- List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1980s
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- Parish, James Robert; Pitts, Michael R. (2003). Hollywood Songsters: Garland to O'Connor. ISBN 0-415-94333-7.
- ISBN 0-312-11782-5.
- Rinallo, Diego; ISBN 9780415889117.
- Rooksby, Rikky (2004). The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9883-3.
- Sexton, Adam (1993). Desperately Seeking Madonna: In Search of the Meaning of the World's Most Famous Woman. ISBN 0-307-48374-6.
- ISBN 0-7432-2880-4.
- Vannini, Phillip; Vannini, April (2022). In the Name of Wild One: Family, Five Years, Ten Countries, and a New Vision of Wildness. ISBN 9780774890441.
- Voller, Debbi (1991). Madonna: The Style Book. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-7511-6.
External links
- True Blue at Discogs (list of releases)
- True Blue playlist on YouTube
- Library + Archives: True Blue at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame