Paronychodon
Paronychodon | |
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Two referred teeth | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Clade: | Saurischia |
Clade: | Theropoda |
Family: | †Troodontidae |
Genus: | †Paronychodon Cope, 1876 |
Type species | |
†Paronychodon lacustris Cope, 1876
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Species | |
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Paronychodon (meaning "beside claw tooth") was a
The type species, named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876,[1] is Paronychodon lacustris, from the Judith River Formation of Montana, dating to 75 million years ago, during the Campanian stage. The holotype is specimen AMNH 3018. It is a tooth about one centimetre long, elongated, recurved, lacking serrations, possessing low vertical ridges and with a D-shaped cross-section, the inner side being flattened. Cope at first thought the tooth belonged to a plesiosaur,[1] but in the same year realised it represented a carnivorous dinosaur.[2]
A second species, Paronychodon caperatus, is known from the
A very large number of other specimens matching these teeth in some or all aspects of their anatomy have been referred to Paronychodon. Some of these included serrated teeth, low teeth and teeth without a flattened side. These teeth of the general "Paronychodon" type have been reported from a wide variety of times and places, including the Early Cretaceous
age 125 million years ago.Paronychodon has been considered a
Several taxa have on occasion been considered synonyms of Paronychodon, though there is little consensus. Paronychodon was in 1876 by Cope described as being similar to Zapsalis, another tooth taxon, itself often considered synonymous with Richardoestesia, a possible dromaeosaurid. Richardoestesia isosceles would, according to a study by Julia Sankey e.a., be synonymous with the elongated, so-called "Type A", teeth of Paronychodon,[8] to which also the Paronychodon holotype belongs. The Eurasian Euronychodon tooth genus is also sometimes considered a (junior) synonym of Paronychodon.
See also
References
- ^ a b Cope, E.D., 1876, "Descriptions of some vertebrate remains from the Fort Union Beds of Montana", Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 28: 248-261
- ^ Cope, E.D., 1876, "On some extinct Reptiles and Batrachia from the Judith River and Fox Hills Beds of Montana", Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 28: 340-359
- ^ Marsh, O.C., 1889, "Discovery of Cretaceous mammalia", American Journal of Science, 3rd series 38: 81-92
- ^ Olshevsky, G., 1991, A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings 2 pp 196
- ^ Olshevsky, G., Ford, T.L. & Yamamoto, S., 1995, "The origin and evolution of the tyrannosaurids", Kyoryugaku Saizensen 9: 92-119/10: 75-99
- ^ Currie, P.J., Rigby, Jr., J.K., and Sloan, R.E., 1990, "Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada", pp. 107–125 in: K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, New York
- ^ Hwang, S.H. 2005. "Phylogenetic patterns of enamel microstructure in dinosaur teeth." Journal of Morphology, 266: 208-240
- ^ Sankey, J.T., D.B. Brinkman, M. Guenther, and P.J. Currie, 2002, "Small theropod and bird teeth from the Judith River Group (late Campanian), Alberta", Journal of Paleontology 76(4): 751-763