Phenacoccus manihoti
| Phenacoccus manihoti | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Pseudococcidae |
| Genus: | Phenacoccus |
| Species: | P. manihoti
|
| Binomial name | |
| Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero, 1977
| |
Phenacoccus manihoti is a mealybug insect species.
In the early 1970s, the cassava mealybug P. manihoti was accidentally introduced to
Description
P. manihoti is a type of
Sensory structures
The cassava mealybug has similar host plant detection behavior to
Damage
The cassava mealybug can destroy up to 54% of roots and 100% of leaves in locations of infestation.[6] When it infests cassava it deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents.[5] If the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation.[7]
Control
Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly.[11] The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery.[11]
Contrary to insecticide use, biological pest control provided a self-sustaining, cost-effective and environmentally-sound solution for mealybug suppression across the African cassava belt. The use of the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved to be a spectacular success story in the biological control of the cassava mealybug. The parasitoid attacks the second and third instar stages of the cassava mealybug.[6] Within a few years of its release it covered the entire country, and within five years there were no high concentrations of the cassava mealybug present.[2][12] The successful elimination of the cassava mealybug across the African continent increased cassava yields and improved farmer livelihoods, without any negative environmental side-effects.[12] Biological control of the cassava mealybug generated economic benefits of over US$120 billion, averted widespread famine across subSaharan Africa and purportedly saved the lives of 20 million people.[13]
This biological control effort was replicated in Southeast Asia, where P. manihoti had made its unfortunate arrival in 2008. The introduction of A. lopezi lowered mealybug infestation levels to considerable extent, restored cassava yields, exerted stabilizing effects on prices and inter-country trade of different cassava products - including starch.[14]
References
- ^ a b Neuenschwander, P., et al,. 1990. Biological Control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influence by climate and soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 32: 39 – 55
- ^ a b Hennessey, R. D, et al,. 1990. Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zaire. Tropical Pest Management. 36: 103 – 107.
- ^ a b Calatayud, P. A. 2000. Influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of Phenacoccus manihoti in artificial diets. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 96: 81 – 86.
- ^ a b c d Le Ru, B., et al,. 1995. Antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the host-plant selection behavior of Phenacoccus manihoti (Matile-Ferrero) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 24: 375 – 389.
- ^ a b c d e Cox, J. M. & Pearce M. J. 1983. Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 12: 235 – 248.
- ^ a b c d e Lema, K. M. & Herren, H. R. 1985. The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 38: 165 – 169.
- ^ a b Iheagwam, E. U. & Eluwa, M. C. 1983. The effects of temperature on the immature stages of the Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 30: 17 – 22.
- ^ a b c d Renard, S., et al,. 1997. Recognition Behavior of the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) at the Leaf Surface of Different Host Plants. Journal of Insect Behavior. 11: 429 – 450.
- ^ James, B. D. & Fofanah, M. 1992. Population growth patterns for Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr on cassava in Sierra Leone. Tropical Pest Management. 38: 89 – 92.
- ^ a b c Le Ru, B., et al,. 1995. Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the labium of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile Ferrero. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 77: 31 – 36.
- ^ a b Atu, U. G. & Okeke, J.E,. 1981. Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti). Tropical Pest Management. 27: 251- 253.
- ^ a b Chakupurakal, J., et al,. 1994. Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug , Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia. Biological Control. 4: 254 – 262.
- ^ Maredia, M.K. and Raitzer, D.A., 2010. Estimating overall returns to international agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a “best‐evidence” approach. Agricultural Economics, 41(1), pp.81-100.
- ^ Wyckhuys, K.A., Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E. and Van der Werf, W., 2018. Biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets. Environmental Research Letters, 13(9), p.094005.