Ponce de Minerva
Ponce de Minerva (1114/1115 – 27 July 1175) was a nobleman, courtier, governor, and general serving, at different times, the kingdoms of León and Castile. Originally from Occitania, he came as a young man to León (1127), where he was raised probably in close connection to the royal family. His public career, first as a courtier and knight in the military retinue of Alfonso VII of León and Castile, began in 1140. By later historians he was implicated in the strife between Alfonso's successors, Sancho III of Castile and Ferdinand II of León, but he was generally loyal to the latter, although from 1168 to 1173 he was in voluntary exile serving Alfonso VIII of Castile.
Ponce had a long and distinguished military career. He participated in at least twelve campaigns, more than half of them campaigns of
Move from Occitania to León
As his
Ponce does not appear in contemporary records until 1140, but his presence in the following of the Catalan princess is established by a charter in the archives of the convent of Santa María de Carrizo. This document, dated 13 March 1207, records a pesquisa (inquest) carried out by orders of Alfonso IX to determine what was owed by the village of Quintanilla to the convent in light of a donation made by Ponce.[9] It mentions how Ponce had come to León with Berenguela:
When the lord emperor [Alfonso VII] brought [to León] his wife the empress, he also brought along the count Ponce de Minerva and married him to the countess Doña Estefanía, daughter of Count Ramiro, and gave him half of Carrizo, which was royal fiscal land (realengo), and he [Ponce] gave it to her as bridewealth. . . And the other half of Carrizo belonged to Count Ramiro, and he gave it to him [Ponce] with his daughter in marriage. . .[10]
Because he hailed from an Occitan-speaking region ruled by the counts of Barcelona, he is often considered a Catalan. His name, in contemporary Latin, was Pontius or Poncius, transformed in Castilian to Ponce, the form used here, or Poncio, and also transformed into Ponç (Catalan) or Pons (Occitan).[11]
Marriage to Estefanía Ramírez
The record of the royal pesquisa of 1207 also notes how Ponce was subsequently betrothed to Estefanía Ramírez, daughter of Ramiro Fróilaz,[2][12][13] and endowed by Alfonso VII with fiscal lands: half of the village of Carrizo de la Ribera and an estate at a place called Quiro, between Carrizo and Quintanilla. To this his future father-in-law added the other half of Carrizo, which had been a part of his patrimony.[1][14] Carrizo included a palace (palacio), which was later given to the monastery there, and stood to the right of the "old gate" (portería vieja).[9][15]
The charter provides no date for Ponce's betrothal or marriage, but a document dated 30 May 1140 records a grant given by the king's sister, Sancha Raimúndez, to Ponce on the occasion of his marriage: the village of Argavallones "at your marriage, because I nourished [i.e., raised] you".
The Count exchanged this mortal life in order to enjoy the prize of his heroic works, as was said, in the year 1212 of the
Era, leaving finished the monastery of Sandoval and the greater chapel of the church, with the rest being finished after his days by Don Diego Martínez de Villamayor, his son-in-law and a benefactor of that house, where he was buried.[17]
The charter is accepted as genuine by some,
Alférez of Alfonso VII
From the time of his appointment as alférez sometime between 26 June and 9 September 1140 until his replacement sometime after 19 December 1144 and before March 1145,
Ponce's rewards for these various services were extensive. There are two false documents dated to 25 January and 14 June 1141 which purport to record royal donations to Ponce. The first is the donation of Quiro, which occurred on the occasion of his betrothal according to the account of the pesquisa of 1207.[1] The second is the donation of San Pedro del Páramo, which it is known that Ponce gave to his wife as part of her bridewealth. The above charters are classified as spurious because they name Alfonso VII as ruling in Baeza and Almería, places he did not conquer until 1147, and they list Martin, Archbishop of Santiago, as confirming. They nevertheless contain a kernel of truth.[1] More securely datable is Alfonso's grant to Ponce the village of Villaverde de Sandoval, on the bank of the Porma near the possessions which he had given his wife at their marriage, in 1142.[1]
Acquisition of governorships
A change in Ponce's career began with his long absences from court in 1145, after he had left the post of alférez. He only attended the court on a few occasions in 1144, and by that year he had received the tenancy (tenencia) of
In 1147, which has been described as an
In 1150, Ponce probably took part in the failed siege of Córdoba, since he was with the king at
During this time he was rewarded further, first with a
Controversies of 1157–58
Under Alfonso VII Ponce was "a curial personage of stature" who "enjoyed the fullest confidence of the crown", yet despite his residence at court "he was of secondary rank" and generally his confirmation of royal acts was not sought.
According to the thirteenth-century Toledan historian Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, in his De rebus Hispaniae, Ferdinand came to believe certain false rumours about Ponce de Minerva spread by his enemies at court.[40] In response he confiscated Ponce's fiefs, and those of some other noblemen, and sent them into exile. They went to the court of Sancho III seeking redress, whereupon Sancho marched an army into León. The two kings met at Sahagún, where, according to Rodrigo, Sancho said to his brother:
Since our father divided the kingdom between us, both you and I are held to share the land and its produce with our magnates, with whose help our forefathers possessed the lost land and repulsed the Arabs. Therefore, as the other magnates, whom you deprived, have returned their fiefs to count Ponce de Minerva, and you would not believe the rumours against them, I am returning behind my borders.[41]
This account, however, is based on a confusion between Ponce de Minerva and Ponce de Cabrera.[40] There is some confusion even among modern historians between these two Ponces.[31][32][42] Derek Lomax notes that "the personalities, relationships and activities of these minor Catalan nobles are difficult to disentangle, but it is clear that they were extremely active in the politics of central Spain throughout the twelfth century, and that they built up their lordships primarily in the region of Salamanca and Valladolid."[43] The first modern historian to differentiate the two Ponces was the Marqués de Mondéjar (died 1708), who believed them to be closely related.[44]
There is abundant contemporary documentary evidence of Ponce de Cabrera's exile to Castile, while Ponce de Minerva clearly remained on good terms with Ferdinand II throughout 1158. He was with the court at
Counsellor of Ferdinand II
Ponce de Minerva was throughout this period one of Ferdinand's most trusted advisors and a major recipient of his largesse.
Ponce's frequent presence at court necessitated the devolution of government in his tenancies to subordinates. Thus, in 1162, one "Juan Martínez, under the hand of the lord Ponce de Minerva, [was] holding the towers of León".
In 1165, for a second time Ponce was with Ferdinand in Galicia to make peace with Portugal, and he was given the tenancy of Coyanza, modern
Fall from favour and exile
At some point in 1168, for reasons unknown, Ponce went into exile in Castile. In the summer of 1167, Count
Ponce's last appearance in any surviving document from León for this period is dated 9 April 1168, which is also the last royal document confirmed by his son Ramiro, who appears to have entered an exile from court at the same time as his father.[47] By 20 September the tenancies of León and Mayorga had passed to Fernando Rodríguez de Castro, an exile from Castile.[47] Owing to ignorance of the exact chronology of Ponce's defection, it is unclear whether his replacement as majordomo by Ermengol and his replacement in the fiefs of León and Mayorga by Fernando were a consequence or an incitement.[54]
Service to the Crown in Castile
Ponce, following his fall from favour, went to the court of Alfonso VIII of Castile, son of Sancho III, which had moved to the fortress of Abia possibly to receive the defecting count.[54] The court was at Sahagún on 29 August when Ponce first makes an appearance there in the surviving records.[47] In April 1169 he played a leading role in the siege of the town of Zorita de los Canes, which was being held by the relatives and supporters of Fernando Rodríguez de Castro against Alfonso VIII. He joined with Nuño Pérez de Lara in the initial attack, which was a failure. Later, Ponce and Nuño went to negotiate with the castellan, Lope de Arenas, but were betrayed and arrested. There is a private document from 25 April by which these events are dated, for it was redacted "at the time when Count Nuño and Count Ponce were defeated at Zorita".[55] Alfonso VIII continued to besiege the town in which his two generals were being held until at least 14 May, when a royal charter of donation was drawn up "about (i.e., around) Zorita, at that time when Count Nuño and Count Ponce were being held captive there by the most evil Lope de Arenas".[56] The donation was made to the military Order of Calatrava founded by his father. By 19 May, Zorita had surrendered and the two captives been freed. A royal charter issued that day "was made in Zorita, at the time when Count Nuño and Count Ponce were liberated from captivity there".[57] These last two charters indicate the part likely played by the knights of Calatrava in the capture of Zorita and the liberation of Ponce de Minerva, and it is probably therefore in gratefulness that Ponce soon after gaining his freedom made over to the Order some mills he owned in Toledo.[58]
Ponce's service to the Crown in the Castile lasted five years. At the time of his arrival, and even during the siege of Zorita, Alfonso VIII was a minor whose regency was held by Nuño Pérez. By the fall, however, he had come of age and begun to rule in his own right. Shortly after, on 11 November, Ponce was with his court at
Ponce's support for the young king was rewarded with several lordships in western Castile, along the border with León.
Fuero of Azaña
In September 1173 Ponce was still in Castile when he granted some land at Azaña to some settlers: "In the name of God and his grace, I, Count Ponce, give to the settlers that half of Azaña that fell to me".[61] The "charter of rights and obligations" (called a fuero) that he gave to the settlers exists as a thirteenth-century copy in a cartulary of the cathedral of Toledo.[47][61] Ponce kept a few fields—two sernas and two prados—for himself (demesne), but the rest of the land he rented out to twenty-five settlers.[59] Each received a field (yugada), some additional land for planting vines and orchards, and eight cahices of seed for wheat. The fuero requires that any settler who wished to sell his property and leave the area had to give Ponce the first option to buy, even if he was away on campaign in the south, in which case the would-be seller had to await his return. Another clause gives an indication of his reconciliation with the King of León, for it states that if Ponce was away in the north, either "in the kingdom of Alfonso or in the kingdom of Ferdinand", then the would-be seller had to notify Ponce's majordomo of his intention to sell and wait forty days for Ponce to exercise his option to buy, after which the settler could sell the land to anyone.[62]
The majordomo referred to in the surviving fuero may have been "a local estate manager rather than the count's household official".
Itinerancy in Castile and León
Sometime in the first half of 1173, Ermengol VII left the service of Ferdinand II, for reasons unknown. His absence may have opened up the possibility of reconciliation to Ponce de Minerva, who had returned to the city of León by October, when he rejoined the court after five years of voluntary exile.[47] The remainder of his life was characterised by intinerancy between the courts of León and Castile and between his possessions and governorships in the two kingdoms.
In February 1174, Ponce was with the court of Alfonso VIII at Toledo for a major gathering the kingdom's leading men. In June, he and Estefanía visited the
Death and legacy
Ponce died on 27 July, according to the tablas de aniversarios (a calendar of annual commemorations) of the nunnery of Carrizo.[47] That the year was 1175 is obvious from his sudden disappearance from contemporary documentation after June of that year.[47] He was buried in Sandoval.[68] In the archives of the monastery of Benevívere are two charters both dated 30 July, only a few days after Count Ponce's death, which record the donation received from his widow and children of lands at Quintanilla and Mayorga (in the first transaction) and lands at Santamarina and Lerones with the Hospital de Don García (in the second transaction) for the redemption of Ponce's soul.[69]
On 17 February 1176, Countess Estefanía granted her land at
I give and concede the village that is called Carrizo, with all its environs and attached territories, integral; and the village of San Pedro del Páramo, whole and integral, and the village of Grulleros and Argavallones, and its environs and attached territories that belong to me; which villages I have from my acquisitions and my bridewealth and my scattered estates, which my husband gave to me.[72]
Estefanía died in 1183 or 1184 and was buried beside her husband.[4][68]
Ponce acquired a vast wealth in lands after his migration to León. His principal estates all lay within fifty kilometres of the urbs regia of León, which he himself governed from 1148 to 1165 and again from 1167 to 1168. He had many estates in the valleys of the rivers Esla, Porma, Órbigo, and Bernesga.[47] Besides properties he received from Alfonso VII and Ferdinand II, which was a total of ten donations between 1148 and 1174, Ponce and Estefanía acquired lands at Mayorga on the Esla, and at Quintanilla and Villalba de Loma on the Porma.[73]
Children
Of Ponce's children, Ramiro was his primary heir, even claiming, without any apparent royal approval, his father's title of count, but he never returned to favour in León. Ponce's daughters, Sancha and María, usually surnamed Ponce as a patronymic (from the Latin Poncii or Pontii), married Pedro Garcés de Lerma, a Castilian, and Rodrigo Álvarez, a Galician, respectively; both were wealthy and powerful men. Sancha, by Pedro, had a son, Gonzalo Pérez, who became the abbot of Husillos in Castile.[47]
Ponce's younger daughter, María, separated from her husband by mutual agreement since late 1173 or early 1174, when he founded the
On 26 February 1189, according to a document of Santa María de Sandoval, Ponce's daughters, Sancha and María, got together to divide their inheritance, which included properties in the city of León and at Oret, Ferreras,
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 248–54.
- ^ a b Montenegro Valentín, "Merinos y tenentes", 164–65.
- r–29r.
- ^ a b c d Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 286–87, contains a curriculum vitae listing Ponce's relations, titles, offices, tenancies, religious and economic transactions, with dates and primary sources.
- ^ This is based on a later tradition, but is plausible, cf. Reilly, King Alfonso VII, 185–86, and Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 248–54.
- v.
- ^ Fernández, "Santa María de Benevívere", 34.
- ^ a b c d Serrano, Cartulario del Monasterio de Vega, 94 n. 2.
- ^ a b c Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 171.
- ^ Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 171: quando domino imperatore adduxit suam coniugem imperatricem adduxit cum ea comite Poncio de Menerva et desponsauit eum cum comitissa domna Stephania, filia comite Ramiro et dedit ei medietatem de karrizo, que erat rengalengo, ut dedisset sponsam suam pro arras. . . Et alian medietaten de karrizo erat de comite Ramiro et dedit eam ad illum cum filia in casamento.
- ^ Reilly, King Alfonso VII, passim, uses the form Pons de Minerva.
- ^ Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 171, calls her the "Condesa de Armiñaque".
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 50–51.
- ^ a b Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 54.
- ^ a b Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 65.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 249: in tuo cassamento propter quod te alui. Barton, 250, says that the document is dated 30 January 1140.
- ^ Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 171–72: trocó el Conde esta mortal vida, para goçar el premio de sus heroycas obras, como queda dicho, era de mil doscientos y doce, dejando acabado el monasterio de S. doval y la Capella mayor de la yglesia, porque lo demas, despues de sus dias lo acabo D. Diego Martinez de Villamayor, su hierno, y bien hechor de aquella casa, donde está sepultado.
- ^ a b Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 142–44.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 249: Urrace, filie comitis Roderici, quam ego creaui.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 250: propter seruicium quod mihi fecistis et facitis. This charter is edited on pp. 265–66.
- ^ Reilly, King Alfonso VII, 164. Though once thought to be an original, a private charter of 22 March 1145 is not reliable.
- ^ Recorded in the archives of Fitero and San Paio de Antealtares, respectively (cf. Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 250 n91).
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 251: quando imperator venit de fossata quam fecit contra Corduvam et Granatam.
- ^ a b c d Reilly, King Alfonso VII, 185.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 118.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 171.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 178.
- ^ Fletcher, "Diplomatic and the Cid", 319.
- ^ Recuero Astray, "Donaciones de Alfonso VII", 904–05: meo fideli vasallo ... pro bono et fideli servicio quod mihi fecistis in Almaria et in aliis locis multis in partibus scilicet christanorum atque sarracenorum.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 247.
- ^ a b Pascua Echegaray, "Hacia la formación política", 424.
- ^ a b Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 245–46.
- ^ The document is found in J. Guallart and M. P. Laguzzi, "Algunos documentos reales leoneses", Cuadernos de Historia de España, 2 (1944), 368–69.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 251: nostri fideli vassallo.
- ^ Barton, 138–39.
- ^ Fletcher, "Diplomatic and the Cid", 313.
- ^ a b Reilly, King Alfonso VII, 185–86. He is cited in three private charters as ruling Villalba on 8 January 1150 and Gatón 20 November 1155 and 1 February 1156.
- ^ Barton, "The Count, the Bishop and the Abbot", 92 n2.
- ^ Reilly, King Alfonso VII, 186.
- ^ a b c d e f Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 255–58.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 255: Cum pater noster regnum nobis diuiserit, et uos uestris et ego meis et prouentus et terram tenemur magnatibus impartiri, quorum auxilio patres nostri et terram perditam habuerunt et Arabes repulerunt. Reddatis ergo pheuda sua comiti Poncio de Minerba et aliis magnatibus, quos priuastis, et non credatis susurronibus contra eos, et ego in continenti recedo.
- ^ Lomax, "Catalans in the Leonese Empire", 194–95, completely intertwines their respective careers.
- ^ Lomax, "Catalans in the Leonese Empire", 195.
- ^ Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Un magnate catalan, 17.
- ^ Sánchez de Mora, El linaje de Lara, 131.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 258: ex parte regis Fernandi iurauerunt.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 260–65.
- ^ Sánchez de Mora, El linaje de Lara, 447 n73: sub eius imperio comes Pontius in Melgar, Pontius de Minerva in alio Melgar.
- ^ Montenegro Valentín, "Merinos y tenentes", 154: Iohanne Martini, sub manu domni Poncii de Minerua, turres Legionis tenente.
- ^ Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Un magnate catalan, 117.
- ^ The earliest records of the acquisitions of the fiefs of Valderas, Melgar, Ceón, Riaño, Buraun, and Coyanza under Ferdinand are generally found in the cartularies of monasteries such as Vega, Gradefes, and Eslonza (cf. Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 261 n151).
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 261.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 110–11.
- ^ a b Sánchez de Mora, El linaje de Lara, 171.
- ^ Quoted in both Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 262, and Sánchez de Mora, El linaje de Lara, 171: in tempore quando uincti erant comite Nuno et comite Poncio in Zorita.
- ^ Quoted in Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 262–63, and Sánchez de Mora, El linaje de Lara, 171: super Zoritam, tunc temporis quo [quando] comes Nunio [Nunnio] et comes Pontius a nequissimo illo Lupo de Arenas [Arenis] ibi tenebantur [detinebantur] captiui.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 263 and Sánchez de Mora, El linaje de Lara, 171 n236: Facta carta in Zorita, tunc temporis quando comes Nunio et comes Pontius a captiuitate inde fuerunt liberati.
- v.
- ^ a b Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 102–3.
- ^ Sánchez de Mora, El linaje de Lara, 176.
- ^ a b c d Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 59. The fuero is edited in Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, Appendix 3, no. XV, 325–27. The translated excerpt in Latin is (p. 325): In Dei nomine et eius gratia. Ego Poncius Comes dono populatoribus illam medietatem de Façania que me contigit.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 263–64: in regno regis Aldefonsi uel in regno regis Fernandi.
- ^ a b c Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 98–99.
- ^ For a different interpretation of the fuero, cf. Sánchez de Mora, El linaje de Lara, 703–4.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 100.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 264: vobis dilecto meo comiti Poncio, et uxori vestrae comitissae domnae Stephaniae.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 106.
- ^ a b Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 173.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 234.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 286 n3: pro anima comitis domni Poncii.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 249: pro anima mariti mei comitis domni Poncii.
- ^ Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 250: Do et concedo uillam que dicitur Karrizu, cum omnibus directuris et pertinentiis suis, integre; et uillam Sancti Petri de Paramis, totam et integram, et uillam de Groleros et de Argaualones, et de meis directuris et pertinentiis suis; quas uillas ego habeo de mea ganantia et de meis arris et de meis directuris, quas dedit mihi maritus meus.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 78.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 159, 192–93. For Rodrigo's decision, cf. José María Canal Sánchez-Pagín, "El conde don Rodrigo Álvarez de Sarria, fundador de la orden militar de Monte Gaudio", Compostellanum, 28 (1983), 373–97.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 96–97.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 70, 80.
- ^ Barton, Aristocracy in León and Castile, 42.
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