Popular Nasserist Organization
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Popular Nasserist Organization التنظيم الشعبي الناصري | |
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| Abbreviation | PNO |
| Leader | Osama Saad |
| Founder | Maarouf Saad |
| Founded | 1973 |
| Headquarters | Sidon |
| Ideology | Nasserism Arab socialism Arab nationalism Pan-Arabism Anti-Zionism Left-wing nationalism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| National affiliation | March 8 Alliance |
| Parliament of Lebanon | 1 / 128 |
| Cabinet of Lebanon | 0 / 24 |
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The Popular Nasserist Organization – PNO (
Sunni Muslim pan-Arab politician and member of Parliament (MP) later killed by the Lebanese Army during a February 1975 dock strike held in that port city.[1]
Structure and organization
The PNO's military wing, the National Liberation Army – NLA (Arabic: جيش التحرير الوطني, romanized: Jayish al-Tahrir al-Watani) or Armée de Liberation Nationale (ALN) in French, was first raised in March 1975 at Sidon by Mustafa Saad, son of the late Maarouf. Secretly trained and armed by Fatah, the NLA was initially financed by Yasser Arafat's organization and Libya, later replaced in the mid-1980s by the Sidon-born Saudi-Lebanese millionaire Rafic Hariri, in order to protect his business interests in the Sidon area.[2][3] A small but disciplinated fighting force, predominately
anti-aircraft autocannons. The NLA also fielded a few ex-PLO BM-11 122mm multiple rocket launchers.[16]
The PNO in the Civil War: 1975–90
Closely allied with the
Lebanese Forces (LF) attempts to establish bridgeheads at Damour and Sidon.[20]
The post-war years
The PNO is led today by Osama Saad, who is an MP in the Lebanese Parliament, and is active in the city of Sidon. It was affiliated with the March 8 Alliance until the 2019 protests in Lebanon, which the party supports.
See also
- Al-Mourabitoun
- Coastal War
- Damour massacre
- Nasserism
- People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
- Lebanese National Movement
- Lebanese Civil War
- List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
- List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
- 3rd Infantry Brigade (Lebanon)
Notes
- ^ Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War (1980), pp. 68-69.
- ^ Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux (2007), parte III.
- Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 3 (7). Archived from the originalon 8 May 2014.
- ^ Makdisi and Sadaka, The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990 (2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias.
- ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (2003), p. 56.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 72.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 124-127.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 74.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 29-31; 47; 53.
- ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (2003), p. 52.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 27.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 24-27.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 77-79.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 55-57.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 63.
- ^ Cooper & Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981 (2021), p. 58; Plate i.
- ^ McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason, Lebanon: a country study (1989), p. 243.
- ^ Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (2001), pp. 99-100.
- ^ Labaki & Abou Rjeily, Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975-1990) (1993), p. 57.
- ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 156.
References
- Afaf Sabeh McGowan, John Roberts, As'ad Abu Khalil, and Robert Scott Mason, Lebanon: a country study, area handbook series, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C. 1989. - [1]
- Boutros Labaki & Khalil Abou Rjeily, Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975-1990), Collection "Comprendre le Moyen-Orient", Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2738415257 (in French)
- Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990, Fayard, Paris 2005.
- ISBN 0-333-72975-7
- Joseph Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985), Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012.
- Fawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in French) – [4]
- Marius Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980. ISBN 978-0030397011
- Moustafa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. ISBN 9953-0-1256-8
- ISBN 978-0-7146-8378-2
- Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. ISBN 0 86187 123 5 – [5]
- ISBN 0-19-280130-9 – [6]
- Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. ISBN 9953-0-0705-5
- Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka, The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53. – [7]
- Steven J. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 2003. ISBN 962-361-613-9 – [8]
- Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
Further reading
- Fawwaz Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition, Pluto Press, London 2012. ISBN 978-0745332741
- Jean Sarkis, Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (in French)
- Samir Kassir, La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. ISBN 978-2865374991 (in French)
- William W. Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997. ISBN 978-1558761155, 1-55876-115-2