Potala Palace

Coordinates: 29°39′28″N 91°07′01″E / 29.65778°N 91.11694°E / 29.65778; 91.11694
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང​​
Potala Palace
Lhasa, Tibet, China
Potala Palace is located in Tibet
Potala Palace
Location within Tibet Autonomous Region
Geographic coordinates29°39′28″N 91°07′01″E / 29.65778°N 91.11694°E / 29.65778; 91.11694
Architecture
FounderSongtsen Gampo
Date established1649
Asia-Pacific
Extensions2000; 2001

The Potala Palace is a

Lhasa, capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. It was the winter palace of the Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, has been a museum since then, and a World Heritage Site
since 1994.

The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara.[1] The 5th Dalai Lama started its construction in 1645[2] after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.[3] It may overlie the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace on the site,[4] built by Songtsen Gampo in 637.[5]

The building measures 400 metres (1,300 ft) east-west and 350 metres (1,150 ft) north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging 3 metres (9.8 ft) thick, and 5 metres (16 ft) thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes.[6] Thirteen storeys of buildings, containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues, soar 117 metres (384 ft) on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than 300 metres (980 ft) in total above the valley floor.[7]

Tradition has it that the three main hills of

Manjusri, and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents Avalokiteśvara.[8]

History

The Sertreng ceremony photographed by Hugh Edward Richardson on 28 April 1949 with the double giant thangka banner on the white front of the palace.
Potala Palace
Tibetan
པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང​
Mongolian name
Mongolian scriptᠪᠦᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠥᠷᠳᠥᠨ

The site on which the Potala Palace rises is built over a palace erected by

Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.[3] The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete.[11] The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649.[3] Construction lasted until 1694,[12] some twelve years after his death. The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time. The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694.[12]

The new palace got its name from a hill on

Avalokitesvara, or Chenrezi. The Tibetans themselves rarely speak of the sacred place as the "Potala", but rather as "Peak Potala" (Tse Potala), or most commonly as "the Peak".[13]

The palace was moderately damaged during the

Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka were added to the list as extensions to the sites. Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere.[19]
The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million).

The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day.

Qingzang railway into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning.[22] Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the site.[23]

In February 2022, Tibetan pop star Tsewang Norbu set himself on fire in front of the Potala Palace and died. The Foreign Ministry of China has disputed this.[24]

Architecture

Architecture of the Potala Palace

Built at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), on the side of Ri Marpo ('Red Mountain') in the centre of Lhasa Valley,[25] the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great porticos on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.[citation needed]

The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the Jokhang. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornamentation.

The lower white frontage on the south side of the palace was used to hoist two gigantic thangkas joined representing the figures of

Sakyamuni during the Sertreng Festival on the 30th day of the second Tibetan month.[26][27]

The Chinese

New Seven Wonders".[28]

The nine-storey

Leh, Ladakh, India built by King Sengge Namgyal
(c. 1570–1642), was a precursor of the Potala Palace.

The Lhasa Zhol Pillars

Lhasa Zhol Pillar in 1993

Lhasa Zhol Village has two stone pillars or rdo-rings, an interior stone pillar or doring nangma, which stands within the village fortification walls, and the exterior stone pillar or doring chima,[29] which originally stood outside the South entrance to the village. Today the pillar stands neglected to the East of the Liberation Square, on the South side of Beijing Avenue.

The doring chima dates as far back as circa 764, "or only a little later",[30] and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing.[31]

The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital

Me Agtsom.[33][34]

Gallery

  • View showing recent Western Gate shops, highway, 2015
    View showing recent Western Gate shops, highway, 2015
  • View of the Potala from behind, seen from Ching Drol Chi Ling
    View of the Potala from behind, seen from Ching Drol Chi Ling
  • Potala Palace with Lhasa in the foreground
  • The park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala
    The park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala
  • Detail of decoration in Potala
    Detail of decoration in Potala
  • Mendicant monk at base of Potala, 1993
    Mendicant monk at base of Potala, 1993

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1
    .
  3. ^ a b c Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 1. Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007 from: [1] Archived 15 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher, Vol.1, BRILL, 2010 p. 48
  5. ^ Michael Dillon, China : a cultural and historical dictionary, Routledge, 1998, p. 184.
  6. ^ Booz, Elisabeth B. (1986). Tibet, pp. 62–63. Passport Books, Hong Kong.
  7. ISBN 0-908086-88-1
    .
  8. ISBN 0-8047-0901-7
    (paper).
  9. W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher
    , BRILL, 2010, Vol. 1, p. 123.
  10. ^ Gyurme Dorje, Tibet Handbook: With Bhutan, Footprint Travel Guides, 1999 pp. 101–3.
  11. ^ W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher BRILL, 2010, Vol.1, pp. 48–9.
  12. ^ a b Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84.
  13. ^ Lowell Thomas, Jr. (1951). Out of this World: Across the Himalayas to Tibet. Reprint: 1952, p. 181. Macdonald & Co., London
  14. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  15. ^ Aukatsang, Youdon; Aukatsang, Kaydor (2014). The Lion From Chamdo: Remembering a True Son of Tibet. New Delhi, India: Mahayana Press. p. 8.
  16. ^ Larsen, Ingrid (28 October 2013). "Climbing to Great Heights - The Potala Palace". smithsonianjourneys.org. Retrieved 8 May 2021. The Potala was spared at the insistence of Chairman Mao's comrade, Zhou Enlai, who reportedly deployed his own troops to protect it.
  17. ^ "II. Cultural Relics and Ancient Books and Records Are Well Preserved and Utilized". Govt. White Papers - china.org.cn. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  18. ^ Oser, Decline of Potala, 2007
  19. ^ "Development 'not ruining' Potala". BBC News. 28 July 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  20. ^ "Tourist entry restriction protects Potala Palace". chinadaily.com.cn.
  21. ^ Potala Palace bans roof tour Archived 26 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Tibet's Potala Palace to restrict visitors to 2,300 a day Archived 20 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Tibet bans price rises at all tourist sites(05/04/07)". china-embassy.org.
  24. ^ "Deciphering a Tibetan Pop Star's Self-immolation". economist.com. 2 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  25. ^ Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 206
  26. ^ Sertreng.
  27. ^ The Potala taken from the south.
  28. ^ "ABC Good Morning America "7 New Wonders" Page". Yahoo.
  29. ^ Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001), p. 78.
  30. ^ Richardson (1985), p. 2.
  31. ^ Coulmas, Florian (1999). "Tibetan writing". Blackwell Reference Online. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  32. ^ Snellgrove and Richardson (1995), p. 91.
  33. ^ Richardson (1984), p. 30.
  34. ^ Beckwith (1987), p. 148.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potala Palace.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potala_Palace&oldid=1217461860"