Protoplasm

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Protoplasm (

plasma membrane. It is a mixture of small molecules such as ions, monosaccharides
, amino acids, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc.

In some definitions, it is a general term for the

karyoplasm, used by Flemming (1878)]."[5][6][7][8][9] The cytoplasm definition of Strasburger excluded the plastids
(Chromatoplasm).

Like the nucleus, whether to include the vacuole in the protoplasm concept is controversial.[10]

Terminology

Besides "protoplasm", many other related terms and distinctions were used for the cell contents over time. These were as follows:[11][12]

History

The word "protoplasm" comes from the Greek protos for first, and plasma for thing formed, and was originally used in religious contexts.

cell sap (Zellsaft) within the vacuole.[16][41][42] Max Schultze in 1861 proposed the "Protoplasm Doctrine" which states that all living cells are made of a living substance called Protoplasm.[43] Thomas Huxley (1869) later referred to it as the "physical basis of life" and considered that the property of life resulted from the distribution of molecules within this substance.[44] The protoplasm became an "epistemic thing".[45] Its composition, however, was mysterious and there was much controversy over what sort of substance it was.[46]

In 1872,

vitalist term "bioplasm", to contrast with the materialism of Huxley.[24][47] In 1880, term protoplast was proposed by Hanstein (1880) for the entire cell, excluding the cell wall,[48][49] and some authors like Julius von Sachs (1882) preferred that name instead of cell.[50]

In 1965, Lardy introduced the term "cytosol", later redefined to refer to the liquid inside cells.[38]

By the time Huxley wrote, a long-standing debate was largely settled over the fundamental unit of life: was it the cell or was it protoplasm? By the late 1860s, the debate was largely settled in favor of protoplasm. The cell was a container for protoplasm, the fundamental and universal material substance of life. Huxley's principal contribution was to establish protoplasm as incompatible with a

origin of life through the creation of synthetic "protoplasm" in the laboratory were not successful.[52]

The idea that protoplasm of eukaryotes is simply divisible into a ground substance called "cytoplasm" and a structural body called the

electron microscopy, when it seemed that cytoplasm was a homogeneous fluid and the existence of most sub-cellular compartments, or how cells maintain their shape, was unknown.[53] Today, it is known that the cell contents are structurally very complex and contain multiple organelles, the cytoskeleton and biomolecular condensates
.the word protoplasm is mainly divided in to two parts cytoplasm and nucleus.

Description

Physical nature

Protoplasm is physically

periplasm.[4]

Chemical composition

There are about 30 elements, like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium and many others which are identified in protoplasm of different cells. They form compounds, like water (65-80%), carbohydrates, ions, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), fatty acids, glycerol, nucleotides, nucleosides and minerals. They are living as long as they are part of protoplasm. They are not able to perform functions of life independently. The composition of protoplasm is inconsistent and continuous changes take place in it.[43]

Functions

Some functions of protoplasm are:-

  1. It provides place where all life functions occur
  2. The cells respond to various stimuli like temperature, light, chemicals, gravitation, pricking, electric shocks and others because of properties of protoplasm.
  3. Cyclosis (the streaming movement of protoplasm is known as Cyclosis. It helps in even distribution of various materials in the cells.)[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ "protoplasm". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021.
  2. ^ "protoplasm". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  3. ^ The dictionary definition of protoplasm at Wiktionary
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-852917-0
  5. ^ Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 25.
  6. ^ Strasburger, E. (1882). Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung. Arch Mikr Anat, 21: 476-590, BHL.
  7. ^ Beneden, E. van (1875). La maturation de l'oeuf, la fécondation et les premières de développement embryonnaire des Mammiferes d'après les recherches faites chez le lapin. Bull. Acad. Bel. Cl. Sci. 40, 2 sèr.: 686-736, BHL.
  8. ^ Flemming, W. (1878). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., 16: 302-436, p. 360, BHL.
  9. ^ Battaglia, E. (2009). Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature. Caryologia, 62(4), 1.
  10. ^ Parker, J. 1972. Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits, p. 125-176. In: Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.), Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. Academic Press, New York, p. 144, [1].
  11. ^ Sharp (1921), p. 11, 32-34.
  12. ^ a b c Battaglia, E. (1985). Meiosis and mitosis: a terminological criticism. Annali di Botanica (Rome) 43: 101–140. (Table 3, "-plasma derivatives", p. 118).
  13. ^ Grundriss der Naturphilosophie.
  14. ^ Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie.
  15. ^ a b Purkinje J.E. 1840. Über die Analogien in den Strukturelementen des thierischen und pflanzichen Organismus. In: Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur, Jahre 1839: 81.
  16. ^ a b c von Mohl, H. 1846. Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen. Bot. Ztg. 4: 73-78, 89-94.
  17. ^ Dujardin, F. 1835. Recherches sur les organisms inférieurs. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 4: 343–377, [2].
  18. ^ Dujardin, F. (1841). Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes Infusoires. Paris: Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret. p. 26.
  19. ^ Kölliker, R. A. v. (1863). Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. 4. Auflage. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
  20. ^ a b c d Wayne (2009), p. 134.
  21. ^ Vines, S. H. (1877). An account of Prof. Strasburger's observation on protoplasm. Quart. J. Micr. Sc., Lond., 1877, n. s., 17, pp. 124-132. link.
  22. ^ Cienkowski, L. 1863. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 3: 325-337, [3].
  23. ^ Van Beneden, E. Recherches sur la composition et la signification de l'œuf. F. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1870 (Extrait du tome XXXIV des Mém. cour. des savants étrangers, publiés par l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique). link.
  24. ^ a b Beale, L. S. (1872). Bioplasm. London: J. & A. Churchill.
  25. ^ Kupffer, K. W. 1875. Ueber Differenzierung des Protoplasmas an den Zellen tierischer Gewebe. Schriften des Naturwissenschaft, Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein, 1 (3), 229-242, link.
  26. ^ Velten, W. 1876. Die physikalische Beschaffenhoit des pflanzlichon Protoplasmas. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. Kl., 73: I 131-151, [4].
  27. ^ Pfeffer, W. Osmotische Untersuchungen. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. link.
  28. ^ Hanstein (1880), p. 45.
  29. ^ Hanstein (1880), pp. 24, 39.
  30. ^ Flemming, W. (1882). Zellsubstanz, Kern, und Zelltheilung. Vogel, Leipzig, [5].
  31. ^ Bütschli, O. 1892. Untersuchungen über mikroskopische Schäume und das Protoplasma. Leipzig, [6].
  32. ^ Schütt, F. (1895). Die Peridineen der Plankton Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition des Humbold-Stiftung, Bd IV, p. 1–27, Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel. link.
  33. ^ Seifriz, W. (1931). The structure of protoplasm. Science 73, 648-649. link.
  34. ^ Munson, J. P., 1899 The Ovarian Egg of Limulus. Athenaeum Press, Boston, Massachusetts
  35. ^ Bargmann, W. (1956). Über einige Probleme und Ergebnisse des elektronen-mikroskopischen Studiums der Zelle. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 81 (28): 1109-1125.
  36. ^ Szymonowicz, L. (1901). Lehrbuch der Histologie und der mikroskopischen Anatomie. Stuber, Würzburg. link.
  37. ^ Szymonowicz, L. (1902). Textbook of histology and microscopic anatomy of the human body, including microscopic technique. Philadelphia, Lea Bros. link.
  38. ^ a b Lardy, H. A. 1965. On the direction of pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction reactions in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. In: Control of energy metabolism, edited by B. Chance, R. Estabrook, and J. R. Williamson. New York: Academic, 1965, p. 245, [7].
  39. ^ Wayne, R. 2009. Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 133.
  40. ^ Bynum, W. F., Browne, E. J. & Porter, R. (1981). Dictionary of the history of science. Princeton University Press.
  41. ^ Larson, P. R. (1994). The Vascular Cambium: Development and Structure. Springer-Verlag: New York and Berlin, p. 30-31, [8].
  42. ^ Evert, R. F. 2006. Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development. 3rd.ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, New.Jersey, p. 16, [9].
  43. ^
    ISBN 9788173133718
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  44. ^ Huxley, T. H. 1869. The Physical Basis of Life. New Haven, Conn., The College Courant.
  45. ^ Brain, R.M. "Protoplasmania: Huxley, Haeckel, and the Vibratory Organism in Fin de Siècle Visual Cultures", in The Art of Evolution: Darwin, Darwinisms, and Visual Cultures, F. Brauer and Larson, B. University Presses of New England, 2009, pp. 92-123, [10].
  46. doi:10.1063/1.1710397, archived from the original
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  48. ^ Hanstein, J. (1880). Das Protoplasma. Heidelberg.
  49. ^ Sharp (1921), p. 24.
  50. ^ Wayne (2009), p. 15.
  51. S2CID 39167693
  52. S2CID 6722644
  53. PMID 16265625

External links
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