Protoplast

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For mythological progenitors of humanity, see Protoplast (religion).
Protoplasts of cells from a petunia's leaf
Protoplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens

Protoplast (from

bacterial,[4][5] or fungal cells[5][6]
by mechanical, chemical or enzymatic means.

Protoplasts differ from

spheroplasts in that their cell wall has been completely removed.[4][5] Spheroplasts retain part of their cell wall.[7] In the case of Gram-negative bacterial spheroplasts, for example, the peptidoglycan component of the cell wall has been removed but the outer membrane component has not.[4][5]

Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts

Cell walls are made of a variety of polysaccharides. Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading enzymes:

Type of cell Enzyme
Plant cells Cellulase, pectinase, xylanase[3]
Gram-positive
bacteria 		Lysozyme, N,O-diacetylmuramidase, lysostaphin[4]
Fungal cells Chitinase[6]

During and subsequent to digestion of the cell wall, the protoplast becomes very sensitive to

plasma membrane.[citation needed
]

Uses for protoplasts

Fused protoplast (on left), containing both chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) as well as a coloured vacuole (from a petal).

Protoplasts can be used to study membrane biology, including the uptake of macromolecules and viruses . These are also used in somaclonal variation.

Protoplasts are widely used for

phytohormones for regeneration, nor do they form a callus during regeneration. Instead, they regenerate directly into the filamentous protonema, mimicking a germinating moss spore.[9]

Protoplasts may also be used for

somatic hybrids in tissue culture.[citation needed
]

Additionally, protoplasts of plants expressing fluorescent proteins in certain cells may be used for Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), where only cells fluorescing a selected wavelength are retained. Among other things, this technique is used to isolate specific cell types (e.g.,

guard cells from leaves, pericycle cells from roots) for further investigations, such as transcriptomics.[citation needed
]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hanstein, J (1880). Das Protoplasma. Heidelberg.
  2. ^ Sharp, LW (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 24.
  3. ^
    PMID 15694124
    .
  4. ^
    S2CID 2065821
    .
  5. ^ a b c d "Protoplasts and spheroplasts". www.encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  6. ^
    S2CID 852042
    .
  7. ^ "Definition of spheroplast". www.merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster. 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  8. S2CID 25641573
    .
  9. ^ Bhatla SC, Kiessling J, Reski R (2002): Observation of polarity induction by cytochemical localization of phenylalkylamine-binding receptors in regenerating protoplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Protoplasma 219, 99–105.
  10. ^ Hain R, Czernilofsky AP, et al. (1985). "Uptake, integration, expression and genetic transmission of a selectable chimaeric gene by plant protoplasts". Molecular and General Genetics 199:161–168.
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