Psittacula
Psittacula | |
---|---|
Rose-ringed parakeets in Assam, India (Psittacula krameri manillensis) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Psittaciformes |
Family: | Psittaculidae |
Tribe: | Psittaculini |
Genus: | Psittacula Cuvier, 1800 |
Type species | |
Psittaculus alexandri (red-breasted parakeet) Linnaeus, 1758
| |
Species | |
see text |
Psittacula, also known as Afro-Asian ring-necked parrots, is a
The other two Asian genera,
Etymology
The genus name Psittacula is a diminutive of the Latin word psittacus meaning "parrot".
Taxonomy
The genus Psittacula was introduced in 1800 by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier.[1] The type species was designated in 1923 by Gregory Mathews as the red-breasted parakeet.[2][3] The name of the genus is a diminutive of the Latin word psittacus for a "parrot".[4]
The genus includes 16 species, of which three are extinct.[5]
- †extinct(c.1875)
- Echo parakeet, Psittacula eques
- †extinctmid-18th century
- †
- †Lophopsittacus, and still considered such by some authorities)
- Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri
- Alexandrine parakeet, Psittacula eupatria
- †extinct(1883)
- Plum-headed parakeet, Psittacula cyanocephala
- Blossom-headed parakeet, Psittacula roseata
- Slaty-headed parakeet, Psittacula himalayana
- Grey-headed parakeet, Psittacula finschii
- Blue-winged parakeet, Psittacula columboides
- Layard's parakeet, Psittacula calthrapae
- Lord Derby's parakeet, Psittacula derbiana
- Red-breasted parakeet, Psittacula alexandri (also called moustached parrot)
- Long-tailed parakeet, Psittacula longicauda
- Nicobar parakeet, Psittacula caniceps
Alternative taxonomy
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Phylogeny of the genus Psittacula based on a study by Michael Braun and coworkers published in 2019.[6] |
Genetic evidence has found that the genus Psittacula is likely paraphyletic; for example, genetic analysis has supported merging short-tailed parrots of the genus Tanygnathus, Psittinus, and the extinct Mascarinus with Psittacula.[7] A revised classification was proposed by Michael Braun and coworkers in 2019 that splits the genus Psittacula into multiple monophyletic genera in order to preserve Tanygnathus, Psittinus, and Mascarinus as distinct genera. After the proposed split, the only remaining species in Psittacula sensu stricto are P. derbiana, P. caniceps, and P. alexandri.[6] This is also the taxonomic system followed by the IUCN Red List and BirdLife International. The list of split or monophyletic genera and species (and any of their allied species) is displayed below:
- Genus Himalayapsitta
- Plum-headed parakeet, Himalayapsitta cyanocephala
- Grey-headed parakeet, Himalayapsitta finschii
- Slaty-headed parakeet, Himalayapsitta himalayana
- Blossom-headed parakeet, Himalayapsitta roseata
- Genus Nicopsitta
- Blue-winged parakeet, Nicopsitta columboides
- Layard's parakeet, Nicopsitta calthrapae
- Genus Belocercus
- Long-tailed parakeet, Belocercus longicauda
- Genus Psittacula
- Red-breasted parakeet, Psittacula alexandri
- Lord Derby's parakeet, Psittacula derbiana
- Nicobar parakeet, Psittacula caniceps
- Genus Palaeornis
- Alexandrine parakeet, Palaeornis eupatria
- †Seychelles parakeet, Palaeornis wardi
- Genus Alexandrinus
- Rose-ringed parakeet, Alexandrinus krameri
- †Newton's parakeet, Alexandrinus exsul
- Echo parakeet, Alexandrinus (eques) echo
- Genus Tanygnathus
- Great-billed parrot, Tanygnathus megalorynchos
- Blue-naped parrot, Tanygnathus lucionensis
- Blue-backed parrot, Tanygnathus sumatranus
- Black-lored parrot, Tanygnathus gramineus
- Genus Psittinus
- Blue-rumped parrot, Psittinus cyanurus
- Simeulue parrot, Psittinus abbotti
- Genus †Mascarinus
- †Mascarene parrot, Mascarinus mascarin
- Genus †Lophopsittacus
- †Mauritius grey parrot, Lophopsittacus bensoni
- †
The extinct Mascarene grey parrot (P. bensoni) was not sampled in the study and has not been reclassified to Psittacula
The study has also found that the rose-ringed and red-breasted parrots are likely paraphyletic species themselves, and thus need to be split into multiple species.[6]
Hypothetical extinct species
The Rothschild's or intermediate parakeet P. intermedia, found in northern India, was formerly considered a mystery, as only very few specimens were known. It has since been demonstrated to be a hybrid between the slaty-headed parrot P. himalayana and the plum-headed parrot P. cyanocephala.[10][11]
The taxonomy of the
References
- ^ Cuvier, Georges (1800). Leçons d'Anatomie Comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Baudouin. Table near end. Archived from the original on 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
- ^ Mathews, Gregory M. (1917). The Birds of Australia. Vol. 6. London: Witherby. p. 169. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
- ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 241. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Archivedfrom the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ S2CID 91969786.
- PMID 28017858.
- ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2016-10-01). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Lophopsittacus bensoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
- ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2019-05-31). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Psittacula caniceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Collar, Nigel J. (1999). "On the hybrid status of Rothschild's parrot Psittacula intermedia (Aves, Psittacidae)". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series. 65 (1): 31–50.
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Collar, Nigel J. (1999). "Little-known Oriental non-bird: Intermediate parrot, Psittacula intermedia" (PDF). Bulletin of the Oriental Bird Club. 29: 36–41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2018-04-10.