Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)
Rainbow | ||||
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Studio album by | ||||
Released | November 2, 1999 | |||
Recorded | April–September 1999 | |||
Studio |
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Genre | ||||
Length | 55:49 | |||
Label | Columbia | |||
Producer |
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Mariah Carey chronology | ||||
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Singles from Rainbow | ||||
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Rainbow is the seventh
On Carey's previous album, Butterfly, she began incorporating several other genres, including R&B and hip hop, into her musical repertoire. In order to further push her musical horizons, Carey featured Jay-Z on the album's lead single, the first time in her career that another artist was featured on one of her lead singles. Carey wrote ballads that were closer to R&B than pop for this album, and worked with Snoop Dogg and Usher on songs such as "Crybaby" and "How Much", respectively, both of which featured strong R&B beats and grooves. Several of the ballads that Carey wrote during this period, including "Thank God I Found You" (written with Terry Lewis) and "After Tonight" (written with Diane Warren), mirrored sentiments she experienced in her personal life.
The album spawned five
Rainbow was well received by
Background
Since her debut in 1990, Carey's career was heavily calculated and controlled by her husband and head of her label
During the recording and production of Carey's
Writing and recording
During the spring of 1999, Carey began working on the final album of her record contract with Sony, her ex-husband's label.[7] Carey's lover at the time, Luis Miguel, was in the midst of a European tour. In order to spend more time with him, she opted to record the album on the secluded island of Capri, Italy, figuring the seclusion would also help her complete the album sooner.[7] During this time, Carey's strained relationship with Sony affected her work with writing partner Afanasieff, who had worked extensively with Carey throughout the first half of her career.[7] Aside from their growing creative differences, Mottola had given Afanasieff more opportunities to work with other artists.[8] She felt Mottola was trying to separate her from Afanasieff, in hopes of keeping their relationship permanently strained.[8] Due to the pressure and the awkward relationship Carey had now developed with Sony, she completed the album in a period of three months in the summer of 1999, quicker than any of her other albums.[8] In an interview with Blitz TV, Carey spoke of her decision to record the album in Capri:
I love New York. But if I'm there, I want to go out, friends come to the studio, the phone rings constantly. But in Capri, I am in a remote place, and there is no one I can run into. I felt that in Capri I would be able to effectively finish the album on a shorter schedule. And I did. I made it in three months, I was like 'Get me off this label!' I couldn't take it. The situation there [Sony] was becoming increasingly difficult.[7]
Like her previous releases, Carey co-wrote and co-produced the album's material, working with several hip hop and R&B producers such as
It all happened that night. She told us the title of the song, the concept and sang us the melody. We usually have Big Jim Wright sit in on those kind of sessions to work out the chords. he wasn't there so I had to work on the chord myself. So I was playing and there was a part where I said 'Man, what chord am I supposed to do here?' and Mariah has such a good ear that she sang me the chord.[10]
While the album was immersed further into mainstream R&B territory, Carey included some of her classic ballads and tender love songs on the album, working with writers and producers such as David Foster and Diane Warren.[8] The idea to work with Warren was suggested by Foster, who thought that the two would be able to "hammer out one hell of a ballad" together.[8] The two wrote and produced the song titled "After Tonight." Carey felt the song was a perfect metaphor for her relationship with Miguel, describing their romance in Capri. While the song was deemed a success by both parties, they described their working relationship with mixed feelings.[8] According to Foster, who was involved in the writing session, Carey and Warren would not always agree on the lyrics and melodious structure of the song. He described it as a "give and take relationship"; Warren would offer lyrics and Carey would not like them; she wanted something more intricate and detailed. Carey would produce a hook or lyrics that Warren did not feel were a perfect fit.[8] In the end, Foster felt that they worked "well together." After recording the song, Carey invited Miguel to record the song with her as a duet.[11] However, after recording his verses several times, Foster and Carey realized that the song would not turn out the way they planned.[11] Foster said the song's key was "too high for him"; the voices did not harmonize well. Carey did not have time to re-record her vocals in a lower key to accommodate Miguel's verses.[11] Miguel, furious over the failed collaboration, later sent a cut-up tape of the demo to Foster. Carey and Warren also wrote "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)," one of the other ballads featured on Rainbow.[11]
Music and lyrics
"It was from the standpoint of girls who keep going back to the same guy and they can't help themselves. They know they're going to get hurt. I've been one of those girls, so I know there's a lot of them out there."
—Carey, describing the lyrics of "Heartbreaker"
As with Butterfly, songs for Rainbow were chosen to solidify Carey's reputation as a multi-genre artist.[9] Throughout the first phase of her career, Carey's albums predominantly consisted of pop and adult contemporary ballads. Rainbow mixed hip hop and R&B-flavored upbeat songs with softer and lyrically intense ballads resembling those that Carey had previously recorded.[9] "Heartbreaker," Carey's first collaboration with Jay-Z, used a sample from "Attack of the Name Game," recorded by Stacy Lattisaw, as its hook. The loop originated from "The Name Game" by Shirley Ellis;[9] Ellis and co-writer Lincoln Chase are credited as songwriters on the track. Carey incorporated the hook into the song's melody, and added instrumentation.[9] Lyrically, the song chronicles the heartbreak the protagonist feels after learning of her lover's infidelity. "Thank God I Found You" features vocals from Joe and 98 Degrees, as well as songwriting and production from Carey and Lewis.[10] According to Carey, the song reflects on events in her own life at the time, with the lyrics describing the completion the protagonist feels after "finding" their lover. Joe provides the main male vocal throughout each verse, and 98 Degrees sing the background vocals and the bridge.[10]
Prior to the album's recording, Mariah and her sister, Alison Carey had a falling out in their relationship.[12] Alison had tested positive for HIV sometime after she turned 27 in late-1988, and in late-1994, during the time when her second son, Michael who was only 7 years old at the time, was taken away from her by Alison and Mariah's mother, Patricia Carey. She continued to blame Mariah for many of her problems and heartbreaks throughout the years. In 1990, when Mariah debuted with her 1990 self-titled debut album as well as dedicating it to Alison, she began paying so much of her hard-earned money for Alison's continuous visits to drug rehabilitation. On February 6, 1995, in an interview with Nancy Glass from the news show American Journal, Alison stated that Mariah only dedicated the album to her to make herself look good, and that it was beneath contempt.[12] Carey wrote a song titled "Petals," which she describes as the most honest lyrics she has ever written. The song tells of Carey's feelings for her sister, while illustrating the pain Alison's betrayal and suffering have caused.[12] In an interview with Bronson, Carey described the meaning of the lyrics of "Petals":
It is a great outlet for me to go into the studio and write a song like 'Petals', which is one of my most personal songs and remains one of my favorites. I think [it had the most] honest lyrics I've ever written. The song chronicles a lot of past emotions I've felt to certain people close to me, and the way I feel towards them and how their actions have impacted me personally. For that reason, I sang in my lower registers, trying to add that breathy effect to go hand in hand with the song's composition.[9]
"After Tonight" was a song Carey wrote with David Foster and Diane Warren. Carey had strong feelings about the song, as she wrote it about her relationship with Luis Miguel.[13] The song was compared instrumentally to "My All" from Butterfly, which features traces of Latin and guitar instrumentation.[13] In the lyrics, the protagonist asks her lover if he will still love her and come back to her "after tonight." Carey's cover of the Phil Collins song "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" was originally intended to be a solo ballad. The song was re-done after the album was released, with music by the Irish band Westlife replacing the song's instrumental bridge.[13] "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" was one of the album's most uplifting ballads, lyrically serving as an anthem for fans and listeners. The message, Carey said, was a personal theme of hers growing up, of not letting others "bring her down" and not allowing them to take away the light inside her.[13] "How Much" is a duet with
Conflict with Sony
As with Butterfly two years earlier, Rainbow became the center of conflict between Carey and her label.[14] After her divorce from Sony record official and Columbia CEO Tommy Mottola, Carey's working relationship with the label deteriorated. She intended for "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" to be the third single from Rainbow, as it held very personal lyrical content. However, Sony made it clear that they intended the third single should be a more upbeat and urban track.[14] The difference in opinion led to a very public feud, as Carey began posting messages on her webpage in early and mid-2000, telling fans inside information on the dispute, as well as instructing them to request "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" on radio stations.[14] One of the messages Carey left on her page read:
Basically, a lot of you know the political situation in my professional career is not positive. It's been really, really hard. I don't even know if this message is going to get to you because I don't know if they want you to hear this. I'm getting a lot of negative feedback from certain corporate people. But I am not willing to give up.[14]
Carey's actions were given mixed reception, with critics and executives commending her bold actions regarding a song she felt needed to be heard, while others criticized her for publicizing the dispute further.[14] Soon after, Sony stripped Carey's webpage of messages and began negotiations. Fearing to lose their label's highest seller and the best-selling artist of the decade, Sony chose to release the song.[14] Carey, initially content with the agreement, soon found out that the song had only been given a very limited and low-promotion release, which meant the song failed to chart on the official US chart, and made international charting extremely difficult and unlikely.[14]
Promotion
Prior to the album's release, Carey made an appearance on
In order to promote Rainbow, Carey embarked of her fourth headlining and third worldwide tour. Titled the Rainbow World Tour, it included nineteen shows: six in Europe, four in Asia, eight in the United States, and one in Canada.[15] For Carey's previous two tours, she had only visited Europe and Asia, due to the mixed reception of her debut stateside tour in 1993.[15] However, after achieving record-breaking ticket sales throughout Asia and instant sellouts in Europe, Carey felt secure enough to once again tour her native country. The set list featured songs from most of Carey's previous studio albums, as well as some tracks from Rainbow.[15] Missy Elliott and Da Brat served as opening acts for the US leg of the tour. Ticket sales were very strong; the entire US leg sold out in a matter of days. The Asian and European leg mirrored the commercial success of her previous two tours.[15] Reviews for the tour varied from positive to mixed. Some critics and fans reproached her of having a "tired and hoarse voice," while others commented on Carey's choice of wardrobe. Several critics and many concert-goers praised the tour, calling it an intense celebration of Carey's career.[15]
Singles
Five singles were released from Rainbow; two were worldwide international releases and three were more limited releases. "Heartbreaker," the album's first worldwide release, became Carey's fourteenth chart topper in the United States.[17] Aside from staying atop the US chart for two weeks, the song reached the chart's summit in Canada and New Zealand.[18] Elsewhere, "Heartbreaker" achieved high charting, peaking within the top five in France and the United Kingdom and within the top ten in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland.[19][20] The song received mixed reviews from critics. Arion Berger from Rolling Stone called the song Carey's "most insinuating: nasal, silken, declarative, riding the percolating beat."[2] However, while dismissing some of the song's vocals and the incorporation of the hook, he complimented its marriage of pop and hip hop through Jay-Z's verses.[2] The song's music video became one of the most expensive music videos of all time, costing an estimated $2.5 million.[9] The video features Carey visiting a movie theater with her friends, where she finds her lover with another woman. "Thank God I Found You" was released as the second worldwide single from the album. While becoming Carey's fifteenth chart topper in the US, the song achieved moderate chart success in Europe and other territories. Berger called it a "gospel soar" and complimented Carey's vocals, as well as the harmonies by 98 Degrees.[2] The music video features footage from a live concert with Carey and the band performing the song.
"Crybaby" and "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" were released simultaneously as a double A-side, with very limited promotion from Sony.[12] These two songs, especially the latter, became the center of a very public controversy between Carey and her label, due to their alleged low promotion of the album.[12] Carey and Snoop Dogg were featured in the music video for "Crybaby," with Carey playing an anxious woman who can't sleep at night due to her lover's infidelity. A music video for "Can't Take That Away" was released around the same time, which features Carey on a rooftop garden. Carey sings during a rain storm, and towards the video's conclusion, the sun arises, bring forth a "new day." The final single from Rainbow, "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)," was given a limited release as well. After performing moderately around the world, a new version of the song, featuring Westlife, was released in Ireland and the United Kingdom.[13] It became successful there, peaking at number one in both territories, and became Carey's second UK chart topper.[13] The song's video features Carey and Westlife on a boat in Capri. Scenes of the group exploring the island are cut with scenes of them in the studio, though Carey never re-recorded her vocals from the original version.[13]
Critical reception
Review scores | |
---|---|
Source | Rating |
MTV Asia | 7/10[1] |
Rolling Stone | [2] |
USA Today | [3] |
Rainbow received mixed to positive reviews from critics, many of whom noted the new direction in Carey's music.
Amy Linden from Vibe was less impressed by the album, particularly the songs on which Carey sings over hip hop samples or alongside guest rappers, deeming it a commonplace formula--"pairing a singing thrush with a rhyming thug."[28] Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said it was "the first Carey album where she's written personal lyrics, and allusions to her separation from Mottola." He called the lyrics "true" and "deep," but found the songs "ballad-heavy" and "repetitious," adding that the album followed the formula of Carey's previous records too precisely. In his opinion, "it would have been a more effective album if the heartbreak, sorrow, and joy that bubbles underneath the music were brought to the surface."[21]
Commercial performance
Rainbow debuted at number two on the
Rainbow debuted at number three on the
Track listing
| 3:58 | |||
7. | "Heartbreaker" (remix) (featuring Da Brat, Missy Elliott and DJ Clue) |
|
| 4:32 |
---|---|---|---|---|
8. | "Vulnerability" (interlude) | Carey | 1:12 | |
9. | "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Phil Collins cover) | Phil Collins |
| 3:25 |
10. | "Crybaby" (featuring Snoop Dogg) |
|
| 5:20 |
11. | "Did I Do That?" |
|
| 4:16 |
12. | "Petals" |
|
| 4:23 |
13. | "Rainbow" (interlude) |
|
| 1:32 |
14. | "Thank God I Found You" (featuring Joe and 98°) |
|
| 4:17 |
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
15. | "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" |
| 3:47 |
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
15. | "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (featuring Westlife) | Collins |
| 3:25 |
Notes
- ^[a] signifies a co-producer
- "Heartbreaker" contains a sample of Stacy Lattisaw's "Attack of the Name Game" (1982)
- "How Much" contains a sample of Makaveli's "Me and My Girlfriend" (1996)
- "Heartbreaker (Remix)" contains a sample of Snoop Dogg's "Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)" (1993)
- "Crybaby" contains samples of Guy's "Piece of My Love" (1988) and Toto's "Georgy Porgy" (1978)
- "Did I Do That?" contains a sample of Silkk the Shocker's "It Ain't My Fault 2" (1998)
Personnel
Personnel[51]
|
Production[51]
|
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
|
Year-end charts
|
Certifications and sales
‹See Tfd›‹See Tfd›Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
---|---|---|
Argentina (CAPIF)[98] | Gold | 30,000^ |
Australia (ARIA)[99] | Gold | 35,000^ |
Belgium (BEA)[100] | Gold | 25,000* |
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[102] | Platinum | 300,000[101] |
Canada (Music Canada)[103] | 2× Platinum | 300,000[33] |
France ( SNEP)[35]
|
Platinum | 300,000* |
Germany (BVMI)[104] | Platinum | 300,000^ |
Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong)[105] | Platinum | 20,000* |
Japan (RIAJ)[106] | 4× Platinum | 800,000^ |
Netherlands (NVPI)[107] | Gold | 50,000^ |
New Zealand (RMNZ)[108] | Gold | 7,500^ |
South Korea | — | 87,159[109] |
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[110] | Platinum | 100,000^ |
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[111] | Gold | 25,000^ |
United Kingdom (BPI)[112] | Gold | 100,000^ |
United States (RIAA)[114] | 3× Platinum | 3,443,000[31][113] |
Summaries | ||
Europe (IFPI)[115] | Platinum | 1,000,000* |
Worldwide | — | 8,000,000[47] |
* Sales figures based on certification alone. |
See also
References
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"Rainbow" is perfect, and why wouldn't it be? It is Mariah. It is pop, it is R&B, even sometimes hip-hop
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- ^ Essinger, Silvio (December 6, 2002). "Brazil, ponto da virada". Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
[She] declared her artistic and marital independence in 1997 with the Butterfly album and stayed there until the album Rainbow (from 1999, which reached the respected mark of 300 thousand copies sold in Brazil).
- ^ "Brazilian album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ "Canadian album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow". Music Canada. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Mariah Carey; 'Rainbow')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ "Rainbow' Rising". Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 3. January 15, 2000. p. 51. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ "RIAJ > The Record > January 2000 > (November 1999)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- ^ "Dutch album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved January 10, 2011. Enter Rainbow in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1999 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
- ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow". Recorded Music NZ.
- ^ "2000년 POP 순위집계". January 2001. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
- ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
- ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Rainbow')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ "British album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
- ^ David, Barry (February 18, 2003). "Shania, Backstreet, Britney, Eminem and Janet Top All Time Sellers". Music Industry News Network. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
- ^ "American album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1999". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Works cited
- ISBN 0-8230-7677-6
- Shapiro, Marc (2001), Mariah Carey: The Unauthorized Biography, Toronto: ISBN 978-1-55022-444-3