Ramaria botrytis

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Ramaria botrytis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Gomphales
Family: Gomphaceae
Genus: Ramaria
Species:
R. botrytis
Binomial name
Ramaria botrytis
Synonyms[1]
  • Clavaria botrytis Pers. (1797)
  • Corallium botrytis (Pers.) G.Hahn (1883)
  • Clavaria botrytis var. alba A.Pearson (1946)
Ramaria botrytis
mycorrhizal
Edibility is edible but not recommended

Ramaria botrytis, commonly known as the clustered coral, the pink-tipped coral mushroom, or the cauliflower coral, is an

micrometers
.

The

drug-resistant bacteria that cause disease
in humans.

Taxonomy

The species was first named as Clavaria botrytis in 1797 by

George F. Atkinson's 1908 Clavaria holorubella as R. botrytis var. holorubella,[9] but this taxon is now known as the independent species Ramaria holorubella.[10]

The

specific epithet botrytis is derived from the Greek word βότρυς (botrus) meaning "bunch of grapes".[11] The species is commonly known as the "cauliflower coral",[12] the "pink-tipped coral mushroom",[13] or the "rosso coral".[14] In the Cofre de Perote region of Veracruz, Mexico, R. botrytis is known by the local names escobea, meaning "broom", or pechuga, meaning "breast meat of chicken".[15]

Ramaria botrytis was designated the

derived group within the studied taxa.[17]

Description

The

buff to tan.[13] Old fruit bodies can fade to become almost white,[21] or may be ochre due to fallen spores.[14] The branching pattern is irregular, with the primary branches few and thick—typically 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in)—and the final branches slender (2–3 mm),[13] and usually terminated with five to seven branchlets.[7] The branchlet tips are pink to purplish-red. The flesh is solid and white,[13] and has an odor described variously as indistinct[22] or pleasant.[23] A drop of Melzer's reagent applied to the stem tissue reveals a weak amyloid staining reaction that often requires more than 30 minutes to develop. This reaction can be used to help distinguish R. botrytis from other similar fungi.[7]

μm.[24][25] Basidia are four-spored (occasionally two-spored), and measure 59–82 by 8–11 μm. The sterigmata (slender projections of the basidia that attach to the spores) are 4–8 μm long. The hymenium and subhymenium (the tissue layer immediately under the hymenium) combined are about 80 μm thick. Hyphae comprising the subhymenium are interwoven, 2.5–4.5 μm in diameter, thin-walled, and clamped.[7]

The variety R. botrytis var. aurantiiramosa is distinguished from the more common variety by the orange color of the upper branches.[26] Variety compactospora tends to show a more pronounced wine-red, purple, or reddish color in the branch tips, and has smaller spores measuring 9.2–12.8 by 4–5.4 μm.[8]

  • The branches are whitish to buff with reddish tips.
    The branches are whitish to buff with reddish tips.
  • The cylindrical to S-shaped spores bear characteristic longitudinal striations.
    The cylindrical to S-shaped spores bear characteristic longitudinal striations.

Similar species

Distinctive features of Ramaria botrytis include its large size, the orange, reddish, or purplish branchlets, striate spores with dimensions averaging 13.8 by 4.7 μm, and a weak amyloid staining reaction of the stem tissue.[7] R. rubripermanens has reddish terminal branches, a stout form, and striate spores, but may be distinguished from R. botrytis by its much shorter spores.[7] Other species with which R. botrytis may be confused include: R. formosa, which has branches that are pinker than R. botrytis, and yellow-tipped; R. caulifloriformis, found in the Great Lakes region of the United States, whose branch tips darken with age; R. strasseri, which has yellow to brown branch tips; R. rubrievanescens, which has branches in which the pink color fades after picking or in mature fruit bodies; and R. botrytoides, which is most reliably distinguished from R. botrytis by its smooth spores.[12] The European species R. rielii, often confused with R. botrytis and sometimes considered synonymous, can be distinguished by microscopic characteristics: R. reilii lacks the clamped hyphae of R. botrytis, its spores are longer and wider, and they have warts instead of striations.[27] The North American species R. araiospora, though superficially similar to R. botrytis, has several distinguishing characteristics: it grows under hemlock; it has reddish to magenta branches with orange to yellowish tips; it lacks any discernible odor; it has warted, somewhat cylindrical spores averaging 9.9 by 3.7 μm; and it has non-amyloid stem tissue.[28] Uniformly colored bright pink to reddish, R. subbotrytis has spores measuring 7–9 by 3–3.5 μm.[29]

Lookalike Ramaria
R. araiospora R. formosa R. subbotrytis

Habitat and distribution

An

Tricholoma matsutake.[33]

Ramaria botrytis is found in Africa (

tree heath (Erica arborea), and holm oak (Quercus ilex).[8]

Uses

Ramaria botrytis is an

bioaccumulate toxic arsenic.[52]

Chemical analysis shows R. botrytis to have a

palmitic (9.9%) fatty acids.[54]

Chemistry

Nicotianamine

chelating compound essential in iron metabolism and utilization in plants.[57] Several sterols have been isolated from the fruit bodies, 5α,6α-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-(22E)-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-7-one, ergosterol peroxide, cerevisterol, and 9α-hydroxycerevisterol, in addition to the previously unknown ceramide (2S,2'R,3R,4E,8E)-N-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-2-amino-9-methyl-4,8-heptade-cadiene-1,3-diol.[38]

gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes, and kill the gram-positive species Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus agalactiae and S. pyogenes.[58]

In a 2009 study of 16 Portuguese edible wild mushroom species, R. botrytis was shown to have the highest concentration of

chronic and degenerative diseases.[44]

References

  1. ^ a b "Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-03-01.
  2. ^ Persoon CH (1797). Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus (in Latin). Leipzig, Germany: Petrum Phillippum Wolf. p. 42.
  3. ^ Fries EM (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lund, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 466.
  4. ^ Ricken A. (1918). Vademecum für Pilzfreunde (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Quelle & Meyer. p. 253.
  5. ^ Hahn G. (1883). Der Pilzsammler (in German). Gera, Germany: Kanitz. p. 72.
  6. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(46)80001-9
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  7. ^ a b c d e f g Marr and Stuntz (1973), pp. 38–9.
  8. ^ a b c Schild E. (1998). "Il genere Ramaria: cinque nuovi taxa dall'Italia mediterranea" [The genus Ramaria: five new taxa from Mediterranean Italy]. Rivista di Micologia (in Italian). 41 (2): 119–40 (see p. 128).
  9. ^ a b Corner EJH (1950). A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Annals of Botany Memoirs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 560–1.
  10. ^ "Ramaria holorubella (G.F. Atk.) Corner". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  11. ^ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 709.
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  13. ^ a b c d e f Arora (1986), p. 656.
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  26. ^ a b Castellano MA, Smith JE, O'Dell T, Cázares E, Nugent S (1999). Handbook to Strategy 1: Fungal Species in the Northwest Forest Plan (PDF) (Report). General Technical Report PNW-GTR-476. United States Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
  27. ^ Daniëls PP, Tellería MT (2000). "Notes on Gomphales: Ramaria rielii". Mycotaxon. 70 (1): 423–7.
  28. ^ Marr and Stuntz (1973), pp. 55–6.
  29. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
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  30. ^ Aggangan NS, Moon HK, Han SH (2013). "Growth and nutrient accumulation of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. in response to inoculation with edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms". Asia Life Sciences. 22 (1): 95–112. Archived from the original (PDF abstract) on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
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  32. ^ Arora (1986), pp. 46–7.
  33. ^
    ISSN 0253-651X
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  34. ISBN 978-952-5453-27-0
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  35. ISBN 978-0-643-06907-7
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  36. S2CID 135420556
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    ISBN 978-92-5-105157-3
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    S2CID 35556659
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  39. ISSN 1016-4383
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  40. ISSN 0026-3648
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  42. ISSN 0929-7839
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  44. ^
    PMID 19425182
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  45. ^
    S2CID 23669397
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  46. S2CID 12469595
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  47. ISBN 978-0-8156-0388-7
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  48. ISBN 978-0-89054-395-5
    .
  49. ISBN 978-1-55832-196-0
    .
  50. ISBN 978-1-84330-891-1
    .
  51. ISBN 978-0-8117-2641-2
    .
  52. ISSN 0954-2299. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  53. S2CID 8155982
    .
  54. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.077
    .
  55. S2CID 84555970
    .
  56. ISSN 1341-027X
    .
  57. PMID 17434791
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  58. S2CID 24846266
    .

Cited literature

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramaria_botrytis&oldid=1229343279"