Regiones

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about historical administrative divisions. For regiones in planetary science, see Planetary nomenclature § Descriptor terms (feature types).

Regiones (singular: regio) or provinciae,(singular: provincia),

Anglo-Saxon England, referred to in sources such as Anglo-Saxon charters and the writings of Bede.[3] They are likely to have originated in the years before 600, and most evidence for them occurs in sources from or about the 7th century.[3]

Regiones were self-sufficient units of mixed

Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were governed.[6]

Regiones gradually fragmented in the later Anglo-Saxon period as land was granted into private or ecclesiastical ownership by

hundreds and the larger shires that later evolved into counties. The patterns of obligation that characterised regiones were often retained between successor manors, however, and their traces can be seen in many of the sokes, thanages, liberties, baronies and other administrative and ecclesiastic divisions that characterised later medieval society.[7]

Some historians have identified regiones with the concept of the Anglo-Saxon multiple estate. Others have argued that, while similarly organised, multiple estates represent a later stage of territorial organisation, after the concept of folkland or tribal occupation and obligation began to be replaced by that of bookland or documented private ownership.[8]

Naming and areas

Primary historical sources refer to these areas exclusively in Latin as regiones or provinciae and it is not known what the equivalent contemporary Old English term would have been.[1] Several different terms were used when original Latin texts were later translated, including -ge, which meant "district" and survived as the second element of the names of several regiones including Eastry and Ely;[1] and meagth, which meant "kindred", suggesting the areas had tribal origins.[1]

In areas of

Solent - regiones often took the name of a topographical element with the Old English suffix "-wara" meaning "-dwellers".[9] Examples include the Wihtwara of the Isle of Wight, the Meonwara of the area around the River Meon in south Hampshire, the Limenwara around the River Rother (formerly known as the Limen) in Kent.[10]

Similar units with names ending in "-ingas" meaning "people of..." can be found in areas of

Rodings.[11]

Examples in areas of

Blithingas around Blythburgh in the Kingdom of East Anglia.[12] Many of the smaller areas mentioned in the Tribal Hidage are likely to have been regiones.[13]

Within the area of the

Kingdom of Northumbria regiones were often named after their central place with the Old English suffix "-scīr" – for example Hallamshire or Hexhamshire – which has led historians to refer to them as "small shires" to distinguish them from the later shires that evolved into the historic counties of England.[14]

Origins

Various explanations exist for how these territorial units may have formed in the 5th and 6th centuries.[15] The first elements in names ending in -ingas have often been interpreted as personal names, and the territories have often been seen as the areas settled by families or tribes led by those named individuals, or perhaps with them as their earliest known common ancestor.[15] This view sees regiones as the areas of previously autonomous tribal groupings, that retained their identity when absorbed into larger kingdoms in the later 6th and 7th centuries, coming to pay tribute to a king rather than an earlier tribal chieftain.[16]

Alternatively regiones may have formed from earlier units based around centres such as

civitates known as pagi.[19]

Many small shires have been identified in the area of the south east of modern

Northumbrian control during the early medieval period, but many with identical features have also been identified north of the River Forth in areas that were never under Anglo-Saxon or Roman rule, suggesting that the territories may have even earlier Celtic origins.[20]

Structure and role

Regiones were characterised by well-defined areas,[21] generally of the order of 100 square miles (26,000 ha)[20] and often made up of 12 vills.[22] They generally conformed to local topography, occupying a geographically coherent area such as a defined stretch of a river valley.[23] They constituted self-contained and organised economic units of subsistence agriculture[24] including a diverse range of scattered settlements practising a mix of arable and pastoral farming[23] and sharing common grazing land.[25]

Regiones were typically centred upon a royal vill.[21] Anglo-Saxon England lacked the high volume trade in essential foodstuffs necessary to sustain a large royal household in a single location.[26] Royal vills therefore formed a network of halls and accommodation across a kingdom through which a royal household would tour in an itinerary, where each regio would provide food renders to support the royal household and from where the regio and the wider kingdom would be administered.[27]

Where they are recorded in charters or by Bede the rulers of regiones are referred to as principes (princes), reguli (kings) or subreguli (sub-kings).[28]

Later territorial continuity

The regio as a basic territorial unit gradually fragmented during the later Anglo Saxon period as the concept of tribal ownership and organisation declined and was replaced with the concept of private land-holding.[29] The smaller manors that characterise the Domesday Book emerged from within regiones through the endowment of churches with land, the rewarding of officials and the division of a family's land among inheritors.[30]

In Kent the areas of the regiones survived as the lathes into which the later county was subdivided.[31] The rapes of Sussex, which similarly each included several hundreds, may also reflect the regiones that made up the earlier Kingdom.[32]

Away from those areas traces of earlier regiones can be found where later groups of hundreds contributed to a single royal manor.[33] In 1066 the 19 hundreds of Oxfordshire were annexed in this manner to 7 royal manors that included Headington, Kirtlington and Bensington.[34] In Berkshire and north Hampshire the regio centres of Reading, Sonning and Basingstoke remained centres of distinctive groupings of hundreds throughout the Middle Ages,[15] with the "Six hundreds of Basingstoke" and the "Seven hundreds of Cookham and Bray" referred to in medieval records closely resembling the earlier territories of the Basingas and Sunningas.[35] The Surrey hundreds of Chertsey and Woking correspond to the earlier territory of the Woccingas.[14]

The defined territories of regiones also formed the basis for later ecclesiastic geography. Conversion to christianity was frequently followed by the establishment of a minster for the tribe, with the boundaries of the tribe's territory frequently defining the minster parishes which the minsters served.[21]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Stenton 1971, p. 293.
  2. ^ Rippon 2012, pp. 188, 190.
  3. ^ a b Yorke 1995, p. 39.
  4. ^ Faith 1999, pp. 3–5.
  5. ^ Faith 1999, p. 9.
  6. ^ Faith 1999, pp. 5–8.
  7. ^ Faith 1999, p. 8.
  8. ^ Rippon 2012, p. 151.
  9. ^ a b c Yorke 1995, p. 40.
  10. ^ Yorke 1995, pp. 40, 41.
  11. ^ Bailey 1989, p. 121.
  12. ^ Williamson 2013, p. 83.
  13. ^ Stenton 1971, p. 295.
  14. ^ a b Thornton 2009, p. 93.
  15. ^ a b c Yorke 1995, p. 42.
  16. ^ Williamson 2013, pp. 82–83.
  17. ^ Yorke 1995, pp. 42–43.
  18. ^ Williamson 2013, pp. 83–84.
  19. ^ Rippon 2012, p. 191.
  20. ^ a b Campbell 2008, p. 32.
  21. ^ a b c Bassett 1989, p. 19.
  22. ^ Campbell 2008, p. 40.
  23. ^ a b Faith 1999, pp. 3–4.
  24. ^ Bassett 1989, p. 21.
  25. ^ Campbell 2008, pp. 32, 35.
  26. ^ Charles-Edwards 1989, p. 28.
  27. ^ Charles-Edwards 1989, pp. 28–29.
  28. ^ Bassett 1989, p. 17.
  29. ^ Bassett 1989, p. 20.
  30. ^ Bassett 1989, pp. 19–20.
  31. ^ Stenton 1971, p. 503.
  32. ^ Stenton 1971, p. 504.
  33. ^ Stenton 1971, p. 300.
  34. ^ Stenton 1971, pp. 300–301.
  35. ^ Stenton 1971, p. 301.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regiones&oldid=1213453362"