Sussex

Coordinates: 51°N 0°E / 51°N 0°E / 51; 0
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"County of Sussex" redirects here. For other uses, see Sussex County.
This article is about the historic county in England. For the administrative counties into which Sussex is divided, see East Sussex and West Sussex. For other uses, see Sussex (disambiguation).

Sussex
Historic county
A view from Devil's Dyke;
Chichester; and Eastbourne Pier
Flag of Sussex
Location of Sussex
Area
 • Coordinates51°N 0°E / 51°N 0°E / 51; 0
History
 • OriginSub-Roman Britain
 • Created5th century (traditionally 477)
StatusHistoric county
Chapman codeSSX
Government
 • HQVarious
 • Motto"We wunt be druv"
Contained within
 • Ceremonial countiesEast Sussex • West Sussex
Subdivisions
 • TypeRapes (largest & most notable of differing former subdivisions)
 • Units
Rapes of Sussex

Sussex (

cultural region within South East England which was historically a kingdom and later a county. It includes the ceremonial counties of East Sussex and West Sussex
.

The

county boroughs were established in 1889. In Sussex this led to the creation of East Sussex County Council and West Sussex County Council
to govern smaller towns and rural areas, while the larger towns were made county boroughs independent of the county councils.

The basic division of Sussex into east and west for the purposes of administration continued in subsequent local government reform. The Lord Lieutenant and Sheriff of Sussex were replaced in 1974 with separate posts for East and West Sussex, with Sussex losing its status as a ceremonial county.

Sussex is bordered by

National Landscapes of the High Weald and Chichester Harbour
.

Sussex is recognised as a single cultural region, significant in culture and sport and is used by a range of organisations as a regional unit. In 2007, Sussex Day was created to celebrate the county's culture and history.

Toponymy

The name "Sussex" is derived from the

South Saxons" (cf. Essex, Middlesex and Wessex). The South Saxons were a Germanic tribe that settled in the region from the North German Plain
during the 5th and 6th centuries.

The earliest-known usage of the term South Saxons (Latin: Australes Saxones) is in a royal charter of 689 which names them and their king, Noðhelm, although the term may well have been in use for some time before that. The monastic chronicler who wrote up the entry classifying the invasion seems to have got his dates wrong; recent scholars have suggested he might have been a quarter of a century too late.[1]

In the Domesday Book of 1086, Sussex is recorded as Sudsexe.[2]

Three United States counties (in Delaware, New Jersey and Virginia), and a former county/land division of Western Australia, are named after Sussex.

Symbols

Main article: Symbols of Sussex
The traditional Sussex emblem first-known recording in 1611 by John Speed: Azure, six martlets or

The

Knight of the Shire, Sir John de Radynden.[3] Sussex's six martlets are today held to symbolise the traditional six sub-divisions of the county known as rapes.[4]

The round-headed rampion, or Pride of Sussex, is Sussex's county flower.

Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club and Sussex County Cricket Club
.

The county day, called

St Richard of Chichester, Sussex's patron saint, whose shrine at Chichester Cathedral was an important place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages
.

Sussex's motto,

county flower
in 2002.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Sussex
See also: Geology of East Sussex

Landscape

national character areas in Sussex:[5]

At 280 metres (920 feet),

county top. With a height of 248 metres (814 ft) Ditchling Beacon is the highest point in East Sussex. At 113 kilometres (70 miles) long, the River Medway is the longest river flowing through Sussex. The longest river entirely in Sussex is the River Arun, which is 60 kilometres (37 mi) long. Sussex's largest lakes are man-made reservoirs. The largest is Bewl Water on the Kent border, while the largest wholly within Sussex is Ardingly Reservoir
.

Climate

The coastal resorts of Sussex and neighbouring Hampshire are the sunniest places in the United Kingdom.[6] The coast has consistently more sunshine than the inland areas: sea breezes, blowing off the sea, tend to clear any cloud from the coast.[7] The sunshine average is approximately 1,900 hours a year; this is much higher than the UK average of 1,340 hours a year. Most of Sussex lies in hardiness zone 8; the exception is the coastal plain west of Brighton, which lies in the milder zone 9.

Rainfall is below average with the heaviest precipitation on the South Downs with 950 mm (37 in) of rainfall per year.

the Continent of Europe, results in cold spells in winter and hot, humid weather in summer.[7]

The climate of the coastal districts is strongly influenced by the sea, which, because of its tendency to warm up slower than land, can result in cooler temperatures than inland in the summer. In the autumn months, the coast sometimes has higher temperatures.[7] Rainfall during the summer months is mainly from thunderstorms and thundery showers; from January to March the heavier rainfall is due to prevailing south-westerly frontal systems.[7]

In winter, the east winds can be as cold as further inland.[7] Selsey is known as a tornado hotspot, with small tornadoes hitting the town in 1986, 1998 and 2000,[6] with the 1998 tornado causing an estimated £10 million of damage to 1,000 buildings.[6]

Conurbations

Most of Sussex's population is distributed in an east–west line along the English Channel coast or on the east–west line of the

A272. The exception to this pattern is the 20th-century north–south development on the A23-Brighton line corridor, Sussex's main link to London. Sussex's population is dominated by the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation that, with a population of over 470,000, is home to almost 1 in 3 of Sussex's population. According to the ONS
urban area populations for continuous built-up areas, these are the five largest conurbations:

Rank Urban area[8] Population Statistical
localities[9] 		Comments
2001 Census[8] 2011 Census[10]
1
Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton
 461,181 474,485 10 Sometimes referred to as two primary urban areas – Brighton Urban Area and Worthing Urban Area[11]
2 Crawley 180,177 180,508 6 Includes approx. 30,000 people living in Surrey.
In the 2001 census this urban area included Reigate and Redhill in Surrey but in the 2011 census it did not.
East Grinstead was part of this urban area for the 2011 census but it was not for previous censuses.
3 Hastings/Bexhill 126,386 133,422 2
4 Eastbourne 106,562 118,219 1
5 Bognor Regis 62,141 63,885 1

Population

The combined population of Sussex as of 2021 was about 1.7 million.[nb 1] In 2021, Sussex had a population density of 451 per km2, higher than the average for England of 434 per km2.

The decline of the Sussex ironworks probably accounts for the small increase in population during several centuries, although after the

Massacre of St Bartholomew upwards of 1,500 Huguenots landed at Rye, and in 1685, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, many more refugees were added to the county.[12] The population of Sussex was 550,446 in 1891 and 605,202 in 1901.[12]

History

Main articles: History of Sussex and Timeline of Sussex history

Beginnings

Finds at

Cissbury have been found as far away as the eastern Mediterranean.[16]

Sussex is rich in remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages, in particular the Bronze Age barrows known as the Devil's Jumps and Cissbury Ring, one of Britain's largest hillforts. Towards the end of the Iron Age in 75 BC people from the Atrebates, one of the tribes of the Belgae, a mix of Celtic and German stock, invaded and occupied southern Britain.[17] This was followed by an invasion by the Roman army under Julius Caesar that temporarily occupied south-eastern Britain in 55 BC.[17] Soon after the first Roman invasion had ended, the Celtic

Cogidubnus followed Commius as rulers of the Regni[17][18] or southern Atrebates, a region which included most of Sussex, with their capital in the Selsey area.[19][20]

Roman canton

Museum model of how Fishbourne Roman Palace may have appeared

A number of archaeologists now think there is a strong possibility that the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 started around Fishbourne and Chichester Harbour rather than the traditional landing place of Richborough in Kent. According to this theory, the Romans were called to restore the refugee Verica, a king whose capital was in the Selsey and Chichester area,[18] who had been driven out by the Catuvellauni, a tribe based around modern Hertfordshire.[21]

Much of Sussex was a Roman canton of the Regni, probably taking a similar area to the pre-Roman tribal area and kingdom.[19] Its capital was at Noviomagus Reginorum, modern-day Chichester, close to the pre-Roman capital of the area, around Selsey. Sussex was home to the magnificent Roman Palace at Fishbourne, by far the largest Roman residence known north of the Alps. The Romans built villas, especially on the coastal plain and around Chichester, one of the best preserved being that at Bignor. Christianity first came to Sussex at this time, but faded away when the Romans left in the 5th century. The nationally important Patching hoard of Roman coins that was found in 1997 is the latest find of Roman coins found in Britain, probably deposited after 475 AD, well after the Roman departure from Britain around 410 AD.[22]

Kingdom of Sussex

Main article: Kingdom of Sussex
Map of Britain around 800 AD showing the kingdom of Sussex
Map of Britain around 800 AD showing the kingdom of Sussex

The foundation legend of Sussex is provided by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which states that in the year AD 477

Mount Badon.[citation needed
]

By the 7th century, South Saxon kings were ruling from sites around Selsey (the pre-Roman capital of the area) and Chichester (the Roman capital of the area) initially with similar borders to the pre-Roman kingdom and Roman canton.

Cædwalla of Wessex killed Æðelwealh and "ravaged Sussex by fierce slaughter and devastation". The South Saxons forced Cædwalla from Sussex and were able to lead a campaign into Kent, replacing its king. At this time Sussex could have re-emerged into a regional power.[27][28] Shortly afterwards, Cædwalla returned to Sussex, killing its king and oppressing its people, putting them in what Bede called "a worse state of slavery".[29] The South Saxon clergy were put under the control of West Saxon Winchester.[29] Only around 715 was Eadberht of Selsey made the first bishop of the South Saxons
, after which further invasion attempts from Wessex ensued.

Following a period of rule by King Offa of Mercia, Sussex regained its independence but was annexed by Wessex around 827 and was fully absorbed into the crown of Wessex in 860,[30][31] which later grew into the kingdom of England.

Norman Sussex

Main article: Sussex in the High Middle Ages
Picture of plaque at Battle Abbey, the traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died.
Battle Abbey was founded to commemorate William's victory in the Battle of Hastings. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died.

The

thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated.[35] William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle, with the exact spot where Harold fell marked by the high altar.[35]

Sussex experienced some of the greatest changes of any English county under the Normans, for it was the heartland of King Harold and was potentially vulnerable to further invasion.[36] In the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings and to put an end to any rebellion, the Norman army destroyed estates and other assets on their route through Sussex, leading to a 40 per cent reduction in Sussex's wealth, a situation worse than any other southern or midland county. By 1086 wealth in Sussex was still 10 to 25 per cent lower than it had been in 1066.[37]

It was also during the Norman period that Sussex achieved its greatest importance in comparison with other English counties.[38] Sussex was on the main route between England and Normandy, and the lands of the Anglo-Norman nobility in what is now western France. The growth in Sussex's population, the importance of its ports and the increased colonisation of the Weald were all part of changes as significant to Sussex as those brought by the neolithic period, by the Romans and the Saxons.[38] Sussex also experienced the most radical and thorough reorganisation of land in England. The county's existing sub-divisions, known as rapes, were made into castleries and each territory was given to one of William's most trusted barons. Castles were built to defend the territories including at Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. Sussex's bishop, Æthelric II, was deposed and imprisoned and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, Stigand.[39] The Normans also built Chichester Cathedral and moved the seat of Sussex's bishopric from Selsey to Chichester. The Normans also founded new towns in Sussex, including New Shoreham (the centre of modern Shoreham-by-Sea), Battle, Arundel, Uckfield and Winchelsea.[36]

Sussex under the Plantagenets

In 1264, the Sussex Downs were the location of the

Edward I), the son and heir of Henry III. The subsequent treaty, known as the Mise of Lewes, led to Montfort summoning the first parliament in English history without any prior royal authorisation. A provisional administration was set up, consisting of Montfort, the Bishop of Chichester and the Earl of Gloucester. These three were to elect a council of nine, to govern until a permanent settlement could be reached.[40]
During the Hundred Years' War, Sussex found itself on the frontline, convenient both for intended invasions and retaliatory expeditions by licensed French pirates.[1] Hastings, Rye and Winchelsea were all burnt during this period[1] and all three towns became part of the Cinque Ports, a loose federation for supplying ships for the country's security. Also at this time, Amberley and Bodiam castles were built to defend the upper reaches of navigable rivers.[1] One of the impacts of the war and the
Cade Street, near Heathfield. Demands grew more radical in Sussex in 1451 when John and William Merfold advocated rule by common people. They also demanded that Henry VI be deposed and publicly incited the killing of the nobility and clergy.[43]

Early modern Sussex

The

Huguenot craftsmen from France, who brought new techniques. The industry was strategically important and flourished into the 17th century, after which it began to decline. It also brought widespread deforestation of parts of the Sussex Weald.[44]

Hand-drawn map of Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Middlesex from 1575.

Henry VIII's separation of the Church of England from Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries led to the demolition of Lewes Priory and Battle Abbey and the sites being given to Henry's supporters. The shrine to St Richard at Chichester Cathedral was also destroyed. Mary I returned England to Catholicism and in Sussex 41 Protestants were burned to death. Under Elizabeth I, religious intolerance continued albeit on a lesser scale, with several people being executed for their Catholic beliefs.[1] In Elizabeth's reign, Sussex was open to the older Protestant forms practised in the Weald as well as the newer Protestant forms coming from Continental Europe; combined with a significant Catholic presence, Sussex was in many ways out of step with the rest of southern England.[45]

Sussex escaped the worst ravages of the English Civil War, although control of the Wealden iron industry was strategically important to both sides. In 1642 there was a skirmish at Haywards Heath when Royalists marching towards Lewes were intercepted by local Parliamentarians. The Royalists were routed with around 200 killed or taken prisoner.[46] Shortly after there were sieges at Chichester and Arundel, and a smaller battle at Bramber Bridge. Despite its being under Parliamentarian control, Charles II was able to journey through the county after the Battle of Worcester in 1651 to make his escape to France from the port of Shoreham.

In 1681 Charles II granted

Horsham Township and Chichester
in Pennsylvania.

The Sussex coast was greatly modified by the social movement of sea bathing for health which became fashionable among the wealthy in the second half of the 18th century.[36] Resorts developed all along the coast, including at Brighton, Hastings, Worthing, and Bognor.[36]

Late modern and contemporary Sussex

Poverty increased and by 1801 Sussex had the highest

radicalism.[50] Thomas Paine developed his political ideas in Lewes, and later wrote Common Sense which was influential in the American Revolution.[51] Known as 'the radical duke',[52] Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond, was an early supporter of parliamentary reform and US independence.[53][54] Richard Cobden was a product of Sussex's rural radicalism,[55] and became a campaigner for free trade and peace. Poet Percy Bysshe Shelley
was another influential radical from Sussex.

At the beginning of the 19th century agricultural labourers' conditions took a turn for the worse with an increasing amount of them becoming unemployed, those in work faced their wages being forced down.[56] Conditions became so bad that it was even reported to the House of Lords in 1830 that four harvest labourers (seasonal workers) had been found dead of starvation.[56] The deteriorating conditions of work for the agricultural labourer eventually triggered riots, first in neighbouring Kent, and then in Sussex, where they lasted for several weeks, although the unrest continued until 1832 and became known as the Swing Riots.[56][57]

During

D-Day landings, the people of Sussex were witness to the buildup of military personnel and materials, including the assembly of landing crafts and construction of Mulberry harbours off the county's coast.[62]

In the post-war era, the

new town.[63] As part of the Local Government Act 1972, the eastern and western divisions of Sussex were made into the ceremonial counties of East and West Sussex in 1974. Boundaries were changed and a large part of the rape of Lewes
was transferred from the eastern division into West Sussex, along with Gatwick Airport, historically part of the county of Surrey.

Governance

See also: History of local government in Sussex

Politics

Main articles:
High Sheriff of Sussex, Lord Lieutenant of Sussex, and Custos Rotulorum of Sussex

From 1290, Sussex returned two

Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of England. Each county returned two MPs and each borough designated by Royal charter also returned two MPs. After the union with Scotland two members represented the county in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. The Reform Act 1832 led to the disenfranchisement of some of the smaller Sussex boroughs[64] and divided what had been a single county constituency into eastern and western divisions, with two representatives elected for each division.[65] The reforms of the 19th century made the electoral system more representative, but it was not until 1928 that there was universal suffrage.[64]

There was a strong

Labour Co-op MPs and 1 Green
MP were elected from Sussex constituencies.

Amongst top-tier local authorities, East and West Sussex County Councils are both held by the Conservatives and Brighton and Hove City Council is led by Labour. Amongst district councils, as of June 2023, the Lib Dems had a majority in three local authorities (Chichester, Eastbourne and Horsham), the Labour Party had a majority in two local authorities (Crawley and Worthing) and the Conservative Party had a majority in one local authority (Adur). Of the six local authorities in no overall control, one had a minority Labour administration (Hastings), one was run by a Lib Dem-Labour-Green coalition (Arun), one was run by a Green-Labour coalition (Lewes), one as run by a Lib Dem-Independent coalition (Mid Sussex) one was run by an Independent-Lib Dem-Green coalition (Rother) and one had a Lib Dem-Green coalition (Wealden). Conservative Katy Bourne is the Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner, having first been elected in 2012. In the 2016 referendum on UK membership of the EU, the people of Sussex voted to leave the EU by the narrowest of margins, by 50.23% to 49.77% or 4,413 votes.[68][69]

Law

Headquartered in Lewes, Home Office policing in Sussex has been provided by Sussex Police since 1968.[70]

Lewes Crown Court is the first-tier Crown Court for Sussex.

The first-tier

Ford
.

Administrative divisions

Historic sub-divisions

Main article: Rape (county subdivision)
Map of Sussex in 1851 showing the six Rapes

A

Anglo-Saxon in origin.[74]

At the time of the Norman Conquest, there were four rapes: Arundel, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. The rape of Bramber was created later in the 11th century and the rape of Chichester was created in the 13th century.

Modern local authority areas

Local government in Sussex has been subject to periodic review over time. Currently, Sussex is currently divided into

  • two counties for ceremonial purposes,
  • for administrative purposes, into two
    county council areas
    (East and West Sussex) and one unitary authority, the city of Brighton and Hove.

There is a

county councils and local planning and building control
carried out by the district and borough councils.

For the governance of a long narrow territory it became practical to divide the county into two sections. The three eastern rapes of Sussex became east Sussex and the three western rapes became west Sussex. This began in 1504, with separate administrations (

Quarter Sessions) for east and west, a situation recognised by the County of Sussex Act 1865. Under the Local Government Act 1888, the two divisions became two administrative counties (along with three county boroughs (Brighton, Hastings and, from 1911, Eastbourne) that were independent of the administrative counties).[75]

Ceremonial county
(post 1974) 		Shire county / unitary
(post 1888, 1997) 		Districts (post 1974)
East Sussex
East Sussex UK locator map 2010 		1. East Sussex
2. 
Brighton & Hove
(unitary)
West Sussex
West Sussex UK locator map 2010 		3. West Sussex

Economy

Despite its location in the prosperous South East of England, there is considerable economic variation within Sussex. In most areas within Sussex, economic output is close to or significantly lower than the UK average and is far below the average for South East England. For statistical purposes, the UK Government pairs Sussex at the

Brighton and Hove Built-up area, the Greater Brighton City Deal was formed to enable the area to fulfil its economic potential, into one of the highest performing urban economies in the UK.[78]

Tourism in Sussex is well established, and includes seaside resorts and the South Downs National Park. Brighton and Hove has a high density of businesses involved in media, particularly digital or "new media"; since the 1990s Brighton has been referred to as "Silicon Beach".[79] The Greater Brighton City Deal seeks to develop Brighton's creative-tech cluster under the name Tech City South.[78] The University of Sussex and the University of Brighton provide employment for many more. A large part of the county, centred on Gatwick Airport has been recognised as a key economic growth area for South East England[80] whilst reasonable rail connections allow many people to work in London. Several large companies are based in Sussex including

Thales UK (Crawley), Alfa Laval (Eastbourne) and Virgin Atlantic
(Crawley).

The Sussex Weald had an iron working industry from the Iron Age until the 19th century. The glass making industry started on the Sussex/Surrey border throughout the late medieval period until the 17th century.[82] Agriculture in Sussex depended on the terrain, so in the sticky clays and acid sands of the Sussex Weald, pastoral and mixed farming took place, with sheep farming being common on the chalk downland. Fishing fleets continue to operate along the coast, notably at Rye and Hastings. There are working harbours at Rye, Hastings, Newhaven and Shoreham; whilst Pagham, Eastbourne and Chichester harbours cater for leisure craft, as does Brighton Marina. The Mid Sussex area had a thriving clay industry in the early 20th century.

Education

The oldest university in Sussex is the research intensive University of Sussex, founded in 1961[83] at Falmer in Brighton, the first new university in England since World War II. The university consistently ranks among the top 20 universities in the UK.[84] It is home to the renowned Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit, alongside over 40 other established research centres.[85][86]

In 1992 it was joined by the University of Brighton (with campuses in Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings) and in 2005 by the University of Chichester (with campuses in Chichester and Bognor Regis).[87] Validated by University of the Arts London, higher education is also provided at Greater Brighton Metropolitan College, whose campuses in Brighton, Worthing and Shoreham-by-Sea are referred to as MET University Centre.[88]

independent schools in England including Christ's Hospital School, Brighton College, Eastbourne College, Lancing College and Battle Abbey School
.

Healthcare

The main building of the Royal Sussex County Hospital

The Sussex County Hospital (now the Royal Sussex County Hospital) was founded in 1828 at Brighton[90] whilst the Sussex County Mental Asylum (later 'St. Francis Hospital' and now the Princess Royal Hospital) was founded in 1859 in the centre of county at Haywards Heath.[91] Sussex's first

Major Trauma Centre for Sussex with the Sussex's other hospitals acting as trauma units. It is one of only five major trauma centres across the NHS's South of England area.[93] The hospital also houses the Sussex Cancer Centre which serves most of Sussex.[94][95]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Sussex

Sussex has a centuries-old reputation for being separate and culturally distinct from the rest of England.[96] The people of Sussex have a reputation for independence of thought[97] and have an aversion to being pushed around, as expressed through the Sussex motto, We wunt be druv. Sussex is known for its strong tradition of bonfire celebrations and its proud musical heritage. Sussex in the first half of the 20th century was a major centre for modernism, and saw many radical artists and writers move to its seaside towns and countryside.[98]

The county is home to the

gay pride parades and other pride events take place at most other major towns including Crawley,[100] Eastbourne,[101] Hastings[102] and Worthing. Chichester is home to the Chichester Festival Theatre and Pallant House Gallery
.

Architecture

Sussex's building materials reflect its geology, being made of flint on and near the South Downs and sandstone in the Weald.[103] Brick is used across the county.[103]

The Royal Pavilion, Brighton

Typically conservative and moderate,

Indo-Saracenic Royal Pavilion
.

Dialect

Main article:
Sussex dialect

Historically, Sussex has had its own dialect with regional differences reflecting its cultural history. It has been divided into variants for the three western rapes of West Sussex, the two eastern rapes of Lewes and Pevensey and an area approximate to the easternmost rape of Hastings.[96][105] The Sussex dialect is also notable in having an unusually large number of words for mud, in a way similar to the popular belief which exists that the Inuit have an unusually large number of words for snow.[106]

Literature

Writers born in Sussex include the

Shakespeare. Notable Sussex poets include William Collins, William Hayley, Percy Bysshe Shelley,[107] Richard Realf, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt,[108] Edward Carpenter and John Scott. Other writers from Sussex include Sheila Kaye-Smith, Noel Streatfeild, Patrick Hamilton, Rumer Godden, Hammond Innes, Angus Wilson, Maureen Duffy, Angela Carter, William Nicholson, Peter James, Kate Mosse and Alex Preston
.

Percy Bysshe Shelley is one of Sussex's best-known poets.

In addition there are writers, who while they were not born in Sussex had a strong connection. This includes

AA Milne, who lived in Ashdown Forest for much of his life and set his Winnie-the-Pooh stories in the forest. Sussex has been home to four winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature: Rudyard Kipling spent much of his life in Sussex, living in Rottingdean and later at Burwash.[109] Irishman W. B. Yeats spent three winters living with American poet Ezra Pound at Colemans Hatch in the Ashdown Forest[110] and towards the end of his life spent much time at Steyning and Withyham;[111] John Galsworthy spent much of his life in Bury in the Sussex Downs;[112] and Harold Pinter lived in Worthing in the 1960s.[113]

Music

Main article: Music of Sussex

Sussex's rich musical heritage encompasses folk, classical and popular genres amongst others. Composed by William Ward-Higgs,

South Saxons.[96] William Henry Hudson compared the singing of the Sussexians with that of the Basques and the Tehuelche people of Patagonia, both peoples with ancient cultures.[115] The songs sung by the Copper Family, Henry Burstow, Samuel Willett, Peter and Harriett Verrall, David Penfold and others were collected by John Broadwood and his niece Lucy Broadwood, Kate Lee and composers Ralph Vaughan Williams and George Butterworth.[114][116] Sussex also played a major part in the folk music revival of the 1960s and 1970s with various singers including George 'Pop' Maynard, Scan Tester
, Tony Wales and the sisters Dolly and Shirley Collins.[114]

The Cure performing live in Singapore

Sussex has also been home to many composers of classical music including

Sir Hubert Parry and Ralph Vaughan Williams, who played a major part in recording Sussex's traditional music.[114] While Glyndebourne is one of the world's best known opera houses, the county is home to professional orchestras the Brighton Philharmonic Orchestra[117] and the Worthing Symphony Orchestra.[118]

In popular music, Sussex has produced artists including Leo Sayer, The Cure, The Levellers, Brett Anderson, Keane, The Kooks, The Feeling, Rizzle Kicks, Conor Maynard, Tom Odell, Royal Blood, Rag'n'Bone Man, Celeste, Architects and Maisie Peters. In the 1970s, Sussex was home to Phun City,[119] the UK's first large-scale free music festival and hosted the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest which propelled ABBA to worldwide fame. Major festivals include The Great Escape Festival[120] and Glyndebourne Festival Opera.

Television

Due to the size of the county, it is covered by more than one TV station:

Religion

Main article: Religion in Sussex
See also: History of Christianity in Sussex

Christianity is the predominant religion in Sussex with 57.8 per cent of the population identifying as Christian in the 2011 census.[121] Other results from the 2011 census are: 1.4 per cent as Muslim, 0.7 per cent as Hindu and 30.5 per cent as having no religion.[121]

Chichester Cathedral became the seat of Sussex's cathedral in 1075 after it was moved from Selsey.

Sussex has been a single diocese of the established church since the eighth century, after St Wilfrid founded

St Richard of Chichester
is Sussex's patron saint.

According to the 2011 census there were about 23,000 Muslims in Sussex, constituting 1.4 per cent of the population. Within Sussex, Crawley had the highest proportion of Muslims with 7.2 per cent of the population.[121]

Jewish people have been recorded as living in Sussex since the 12th century and are first mentioned in 1179/80

pipe roll for Chichester. A considerable Jewish community existed in Chichester by 1186. All Sussex's Jews would have been expelled in 1290 when Edward I of England issued the Edict of Expulsion
. A Jewish population had returned to Sussex by the late 18th century in Brighton and Arundel.

A wide variety of non-traditional religious and belief groups have bases in and around

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons).[n 1]

Science

Johann Heinrich Rahn, one of his students. In the 19th century, geologist and palaeontologist Gideon Mantell began the scientific study of dinosaurs. In 1822 he was responsible for the discovery and eventual identification of the first fossil teeth, and later much of the skeleton of Iguanodon. Braxton Hicks contractions are named after John Braxton Hicks
, the Sussex doctor who in 1872 first described the uterine contractions not resulting in childbirth.

JM Keynes lived at Tilton near Firle from 1925 to 1946.

In the 20th century,

fullerenes.[131] David Mumford is a mathematician known for distinguished work in algebraic geometry and then for research into vision and pattern theory. He won the International Mathematical Union's Fields Medal in 1974 and in 2010 was awarded the United States National Medal of Science
.

In the

International Prize from the Fyssen Foundation.[136]

In the early 20th century, Sussex was at the centre of one of what has been described as 'British archaeology's greatest hoax'.

Royal Greenwich Observatory in Herstmonceux Castle
.

Sport

Main articles: Sport in Sussex, Cricket in Sussex, and Football in Sussex

Sussex has a centuries-long tradition of sport. Sussex has played a key role in the early development of both

Sussex CCC is England's oldest county cricket club and is the oldest professional sports club in the world.[141] Slindon Cricket Club dominated the sport for a while in the 18th century. The cricket ground at Arundel Castle traditionally plays host to a Duke of Norfolk's XI which plays the national test sides touring England.[142][143] Founded in 1971, the Sussex Cricket League is believed to be the largest adult cricket league in the world, with 335 teams in 2018.[144] Referred to as Sussex's 'national' sport[145] and a Sussex game or pastime,[146][147] Sussex may be where the sport of stoolball
originated and is where the sport was formalised in the 19th century and its revival took place in the early 20th century.

Sussex is represented in the

football league, which has since expanded into Surrey, since 1920.[149] In horse racing, Sussex is home to Goodwood, Fontwell Park, Brighton and Plumpton. The All England Jumping Course show jumping facility hosts the British Jumping Derby[150] and the Royal International Horse Show. Eastbourne Eagles speedway team race in the SGB Championship
.

Cuisine

See also: Beer in Sussex and Sussex wine
Sliced Sussex Pond Pudding

The historic county is known for its "seven good things of Sussex".

Jevington.[156][157]

The county has vineyards and a long history of

Champagne region which lies on a latitude 100 miles (161 km) to the south.[162][164]

Visual arts

The Long Man of Wilmington is Europe's largest representation of the human form.

Some of the earliest known art in Sussex is the carvings in the galleries of the

Cissbury on the South Downs near Worthing.[165] From the Roman period, the palace at Fishbourne has the largest in situ collection of mosaics in the UK,[166] while the villa at Bignor contains some of the best preserved Roman mosaics in England.[167]

Dating from around the 12th century, the 'Lewes Group' of

wall paintings can be found in several churches across the centre of Sussex, some of which are celebrated for their age, extent and quality. Of uncertain origin, the Long Man of Wilmington is Europe's largest representation of the human form.[168]

In the late 18th century three men commissioned important works of the county which ensured that its landscapes and daily life were captured onto canvas.

John 'Mad Jack' Fuller also commissioned Turner to make a series of paintings which resulted in thirteen finished watercolours of Fuller's house at Brightling and the area around it.[171]

Chichester Canal, 1828, by J. M. W. Turner

In the 19th century landscape watercolourist Copley Fielding lived in Sussex and illustrator Aubrey Beardsley and painter and sculptor Eric Gill were born in Brighton. Gill went on to found an art colony in Ditchling known as The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, which survived until 1989. The 1920s and 1930s saw the creation of some of the best-known works by Edward Burra who was known for his work of Sussex, Paris and Harlem[172] and Eric Ravilious who is known for his paintings of the South Downs.[173]

In the early 20th century

Farley Farm House near Chiddingly the home of Roland Penrose and Lee Miller was frequented by artists such as Pablo Picasso, Man Ray, Henry Moore, Eileen Agar, Jean Dubuffet, Dorothea Tanning and Max Ernst.[175][177] Both collections form one of the most important bodies of Surrealist art in Europe.[178]

Notable people

Main listing: List of people from Sussex

See also

Footnotes

Notes

  1. ^ Combined population of local authority areas of Brighton and Hove (277,103), East Sussex, (557,229) and West Sussex (858,852)
  1. ^ The London England Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is located 3 miles (5 km) north of East Grinstead, just over the Surrey border.

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Bibliography

External links
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