Rhina ancylostoma

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"Shark ray" redirects here. For the species from the East Atlantic, see false shark ray.

Rhina ancylostoma

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Superorder: Batoidea
Order: Rhinopristiformes
Family: Rhinidae
J. P. Müller and Henle, 1841
Genus: Rhina
Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801
Species:
R. ancylostoma
Binomial name
Rhina ancylostoma
J. G. Schneider
, 1801
Range of Rhina ancylostoma[3]
Synonyms

Rhina cyclostomus Swainson, 1839

Rhina ancylostoma, also known as the bowmouth guitarfish, shark ray or mud skate, is a

pectoral fins. This large species can reach a length of 2.7 m (8.9 ft) and weight of 135 kg (298 lb).[citation needed
]

Usually found near the

Habitat degradation and destruction pose an additional, significant challenge to this ray's survival. The bowmouth guitarfish adapts well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums
.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

German

specimen, now lost, collected off the Coromandel Coast of India. The genus name Rhina comes from the Greek rhinos ("snout"); the specific epithet ancylostoma is derived from the Greek ankylos ("curved" or "crooked") and stoma ("mouth").[4][5] Although Block and Schneider wrote the epithet as ancylostomus and that form appears in some literature, most modern sources regard the correct form to be ancylostoma.[6] Other common names for this species include shark ray, mud skate, shortnose mud skate, bow-mouthed angel fish, and bow-mouthed angel shark.[7]

The evolutionary relationships between Rhina ancylostoma and other rays are debated.

sister taxa related to the guitarfishes, but also unexpectedly found that they formed a clade with the sawfishes rather than the skates.[11] Following the description of Rhynchorhina in 2016, a study of mtDNA found that it is part of the same group and their phylogenetic relationship is ((Rhynchobatus+Rhynchorhina)+Rhina).[12]

In terms of classification, Bloch and Schneider originally placed the bowmouth guitarfish in the order Abdominales, a now-obsolete grouping of fishes defined by the positioning of their

Rhinidae originates from the group "Rhinae", consisting of Rhina and Rhynchobatus, in Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle's 1841 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen.[13] Later authors have also assigned this species to the family Rhinobatidae or Rhynchobatidae.[9][14] Joseph Nelson, in the 2006 fourth edition of Fishes of the World, placed this species as the sole member of Rhinidae in the order Rajiformes, which is supported by morphological but not molecular data.[10][15] More recent authorities have placed it in Rhinidae together with Rhynchobatus and Rhynchorhina, reflecting both genetic data and the morphologically intermediate position of Rhynchobatus between Rhina and Rhynchorhina.[12][16]

Description

The rounded head, humpbacked profile, and large fins of Rhina ancylostoma give it a unique appearance.

Rhina ancylostoma is a heavily built fish growing to 2.7 m (8.9 ft) long and 135 kg (298 lb) in weight.[3][7] The head is short, wide, and flattened with an evenly rounded snout; the front portion of the head, including the medium-sized eyes and large spiracles, is clearly distinct from the body. The long nostrils are transversely oriented and have well-developed skin flaps on their anterior margins. The lower jaw has three protruding lobes that fit into corresponding depressions in the upper jaw.[3][17] There are around 47 upper and 50 lower tooth rows arranged in winding bands; the teeth are low and blunt with ridges on the crown. The five pairs of ventral gill slits are positioned close to the lateral margins of the head.[3][18]

The body is deepest in front of the two tall and falcate (sickle-shaped)

caudal fin; the lower caudal fin lobe is more than half the length of the upper.[3][14][17]

The entire dorsal surface has a grainy texture from a dense covering of tiny

dermal denticles. A thick ridge is present along the midline of the back, which bears a band of sharp, robust thorns. There are also a pair of thorn-bearing ridges in front of the eyes, a second pair running from above the eyes to behind the spiracles, and a third pair on the "shoulders". This species is bluish to brownish gray above, lightening towards the margins of the head and over the pectoral fins. There are prominent white spots scattered over the body and fins, a white-edged black marking above each pectoral fin, and two dark transverse bands atop the head between the eyes. The underside is light gray to white. Young rays are more vividly colored than adults, which are browner with fainter patterning and proportionately smaller spots.[3]

Distribution and habitat

While uncommon, Rhina ancylostoma is widely distributed in the coastal

sea floor but can occasionally be seen swimming in midwater. It favors sandy or muddy habitats, and can also be found in the vicinity of rocky and coral reefs and shipwrecks.[3][19]

Biology and ecology

The tiger shark preys on Rhina ancylostoma.

Rhina ancylostoma is a strong swimmer that propels itself with its tail like a shark. It is

stable isotope study were found to have fed on pelagic rather than demersal animals, in contrast to previous observations.[22]

The

trematode Melogonimus rhodanometra,[30] the monogeneans Branchotenthes robinoverstreeti[31] and Monocotyle ancylostomae,[32] and the copepods Nesippus vespa,[33] Pandarus cranchii, and P. smithii.[34] There is a record of a Rhina ancylostoma being cleaned by bluestreak cleaner wrasses (Labroides dimidiatus).[19]

Reproduction in Rhina ancylostoma is

ovaries and two uterine horns.[35] The litter size varies between two and eleven pups, and newborns measure 45–51 cm (18–20 in) long.[19][36][37] Sexual maturity is attained at lengths of 1.5–1.8 m (4.9–5.9 ft) for males and over 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in females. Females grow larger than males.[3][21]

Human interactions

"Sweet Pea", a female bowmouth guitarfish at the Newport Aquarium.

Throughout its range, the bowmouth guitarfish is caught incidentally or intentionally by

gillnets, and line gear.[1] The fins are extremely valuable due to their use in shark fin soup, and are often the only parts of the fish kept and brought to market. However, the meat may also be sold fresh or dried and salted, and it is highly sought after in India.[7][21] When caught as bycatch in trawls, Rhina ancylostoma is considered a nuisance because its strength and rough skin make it difficult to handle, and as the heavy ray thrashes in the net it can damage the rest of the catch.[3] In Thailand, the enlarged thorns of this species are used to make bracelets.[38]

The

panda of the aquatic world".[39]

It is a popular subject of public aquariums and fares relatively well, with one individual having lived for seven years in captivity.[3][19] In 2007, the Newport Aquarium in Kentucky initiated the world's first captive breeding program for this species.[39] Newport Aquarium announced in January 2014 that the female, "Sweet Pea", had become pregnant and given birth to seven pups.[40] By February 2014, all seven pups had died.[41] On January 7, 2016, Sweet Pea gave birth to nine shark pups[42] which were eating on their own and still gaining weight by February 10, 2016.[43] Newport Aquarium later announced that the pups would be moved into a coral reef exhibit where they can be viewed by the public starting on June 24.[44] The species also bred at the S.E.A. Aquarium in Singapore in 2015.[45]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T41848A124421912.en
    . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^
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  4. ^ a b Bloch, M.E.; Schneider, J.G. (1801). Systema Ichthyologiae Iconibus CX Ilustratum. Berolini. p. 352.
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  6. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.). "ancylostomus, Rhina". Catalog of Fishes. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d Froese, R.; Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "Rhina ancylostoma, Bowmouth guitarfish". FishBase. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  8. ^ Nishida, K. (1990). "Phylogeny of the suborder Myliobatoidei". Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University. 37: 1–108.
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  13. ^ Müller, J.; Henle, F.G.J. (1841). Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen (volume 2). Veit und Comp. p. 110.
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  21. ^ a b c Raje, S.G. (2006). "Skate fishery and some biological aspects of five species of skates off Mumbai". Indian Journal of Fisheries. 53 (4): 431–439.
  22. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsq170
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  24. ^ Sarada, S.; Lakshmi, C.V.; Rao, K.H. (1995). "Studies on a new species Carpobothrium rhinei (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from Rhina ancylostomus from Waltair coast". Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology. 15 (2): 127–129.
  25. S2CID 85869638
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  26. ^ Palm, H.W.; Walter, T. (1999). "Nybelinia southwelli sp. nov. (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha) with the re-description of N. perideraeus (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) and synonymy of N. herdmani (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) with Kotorella pronosoma (Stossich, 1901)". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series. 65 (2): 123–131.
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  29. ^ de Silva, P.H.D.H. (1963). "The occurrence of Pontobdella (Pontobdellina) macrothela Schmarda and Pontobdella aculeata Harding in the Wadge Bank". Spolia Zeylanica. 30 (1): 35–39.
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  34. doi:10.1163/001121609X12591347509329
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  35. ^ Purushottama, G. B.; Thomas, Sujitha; Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe; Zacharia, P. U. (2022). "Catch composition, reproductive biology and diet of the bowmouth guitarfish Rhina ancylostomus Bloch and Schneider, 1801 (Batoidea: Rhinidae) in the eastern Arabian Sea, India". Indian J. Fish. 69 (3): 1-6.
  36. ^ Devadoss, P.; Batcha, H. (1995). "Some observations on the rare bow-mouth guitar fish Rhina ancylostoma". Indian Council of Agricultural Research Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical and Extension Series. 138: 10–11.
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  39. ^ a b "Newport Aquarium Launches World's First Shark Ray Breeding Program, Adds Rare Male Shark Ray". UnderwaterTimes. February 1, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  40. ^ "Newport Aquarium's Sweet Pea, the First Documented Shark Ray to Breed in Captivity, Gives Birth to Seven Pups". Aquarium Works. Newport Aquarium. January 29, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
  41. ^ "Newport Aquarium says shark ray pups died". WKRC-TV. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  42. ^ "Newport Aquarium shark ray gives birth to nine pups". FOX19NOW. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  43. ^ "Shark Ray Pups Reach Milestones". aquariumworks.org. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  44. ^ Ferrell, Nikki (23 June 2016). "Rare shark ray pups to move to exhibit at Newport Aquarium". Retrieved 2016-06-25.
  45. ^ "S.E.A. Aquarium successfully breeds shark ray pup, a vulnerable species". The Straits Times. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.

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