Rhun ab Arthgal
Rhun ab Arthgal | |
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King of Strathclyde | |
Predecessor | Arthgal ap Dyfnwal |
Issue |
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Father | Arthgal ap Dyfnwal |
Rhun ab Arthgal was a ninth-century
The Viking destruction of the capital fortress of the
It is unknown when Rhun's reign came to an end or when he died. One possibility is that he fell with Causantín, who seems to have been killed warring against the Vikings in 876. Certainly, Rhun's son,
Family
Rhun's patrilineal ancestry is evidenced by a pedigree preserved within a collection of tenth-century Welsh genealogical material known as the
In about 849, the ninth- to twelfth-century
According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, Rhun was married to a daughter of Cináed.
King of Alt Clut
In 870, during the reign of Rhun's father, the fortress of
Arthgal died in 872.
Another possibility is that, following the conquest of Alt Clut, Arthgal ruled as a
Although the Harleian pedigree identifies the listed rulers as those of the Kingdom of Alt Clut,[56] it is apparent that one aftereffect of the destruction of the eponymous fortress was that the capital of the realm shifted up the River Clyde to the vicinity of Govan[57] and Partick.[58][note 4] Whilst Govan—seated on the Southern bank of the River Clyde—appears to have been utilised by Arthgal and Rhun's eighth-century predecessors,[60][note 5] Partick—situated on the Northern bank—could well have been used at least a century earlier.[62]
The relocation is partly exemplified by a shift in royal terminology. Until the fall of Alt Clut, for example, the rulers of the realm were styled after the fortress; whereas following the loss of this site, the Kingdom of Alt Clut came to be known as the Kingdom of Strathclyde in consequence of its reorientation towards Ystrat Clut (Strathclyde), the valley of the River Clyde.[63] Arthgal himself is styled King of the Strathclyde Britons upon his death in 872[64]—the first use of this terminology by Irish sources.[65] Although it is possible that Arthgal ultimately met his end in Ireland at the hands of his Viking captors,[66] this title could instead be evidence that he had briefly ruled the new Kingdom of Strathclyde.[48] Either he or Rhun could have been the first monarch to rule this reconstructed realm.[67]
King of Strathclyde
Rhun's reign probably commenced not long after his father's death, in 872.[69] The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba identifies Rhun as rex Britannorum ("king of the Britons").[70] Hostility between Rhun and his brother-in-law may be evidenced by the Prophecy of Berchán.[71] According to this source, Causantín won four victories over his enemies. Whilst the first three victories are stated to have been won against Vikings, the fourth is described as that of Cath Lures—a location possibly identical to Glasgow—where he overcame the "king of the Britons of the green mantles".[72] Although it is possible that the unnamed king in question was Arthgal—which could in turn cast light upon this man's demise[73]—another possibility is that the prophecy refers to Rhun himself. If Rhun is indeed the prophecy's mantled monarch, his conflict with Causantín may have occurred in the aftermath of his father's demise, and may have been undertaken in an attempt to ensure his kingdom's independence from Pictish overlordship.[71]
If a garbled passage preserved by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba is to be believed, Amlaíb was killed by Causantín in 872/874/875, whilst in the midst of extracting tribute from the Picts.[75] Upon Ímar's death in 873, the Annals of Ulster styles him "king of the Northmen of all Ireland and Britain",[76] a title that may partly exemplify Viking overlordship of regions inhabited by the Picts, Strathclyde Britons, and the Welsh.[77] In 875, seemingly during Rhun's reign,[78] the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reports that the Picts suffered a devastating loss to insular Scandinavians at Dollar after which the invaders are said to have occupied the vicinity for one year.[79] This Viking conquest—seemingly corroborated by the Annals of Ulster[80]—may be related to the campaigns of Hálfdan against the Picts and Strathclyde Britons in 875/876, as recorded by the ninth- to twelfth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[81] This northern campaigning by Hálfdan could have been conducted in the context of the insular Scandinavians not only avenging Amlaíb's killing but of regaining Ímar's authority in the region.[82] At any rate, these clashes with the Britons seem to show that the Kingdom of Strathclyde was not permanently subjected.[83][note 6]
Death and succession
It is uncertain when Rhun's reign and life ended.
If the Prophecy of Berchán is to be believed, Eochaid ruled as king until he was expelled and replaced by Giric.[101] The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, however, states that Eochaid and Giric shared the kingship between themselves, and that Giric was the alumnus ("foster-father" or "foster-son") and ordinator ("governor" or "king-maker") of the former, before both men were expelled from office.[102] One possibility is that Giric indeed succeeded Áed, and that Eochaid succeeded Rhun.[100] Another possibility is that Giric and Eochaid jointly succeeded Áed, with Giric holding a more senior position (as the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba appears to evince).[103] Whilst Eochaid's maternal Alpínid ancestry could well have ensured him a claim to the Pictish throne,[100] the ancestry of Giric is uncertain.[104][note 8] Another son of Rhun could have been Dyfnwal, who ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde into the second decade of the tenth century.[107]
Ancestry
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Notes
- ^ Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Rhun various personal names in English secondary sources: Rhun,[2] and Run.[3] Likewise since the 1990s, academics have accorded Rhun various patronyms in English secondary sources: Rhun ab Arthal,[4] Rhun ab Arthgal,[5] Rhun ap Artgal,[6] Rhun ap Arthgal,[7] Rhun f. Arthgal,[8] Rhun map Artgal,[9] and Rhun map Arthgal.[10]
- ^ The triumphant return of Amlaíb and Ímar with their prisoners is also reported by the reconstructed Chronicle of Ireland.[34]
- ^ Arthgal's death is also reported by the reconstructed Chronicle of Ireland.[43]
- ^ Alt Clut had evidently been the principal stronghold of the Strathclyde Britons since the fifth century.[59]
- Pictish monarchs, imposing terms of peace upon the Britons at "Ovania".[61]
- ^ The report of warfare given by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains the first record of "the Britons of Strathclyde" (*Strætcledwalas) in English sources.[84] The Talnotrie hoard, one of the few definable ninth-century hoards uncovered in Britain, may have been associated with the campaigning of Ímar[85] or Hálfdan against the northern Britons.[86]
- ^ The Prophecy of Berchán also associates Causantín's death with a place name that may refer to Inverdovat.[95]
- ^ Eochaid's maternal ancestry may be exemplified by the name he bore.[105] There is no known British form of the Gaelic Eochaid. In theory, a Pictish form of the name would be *Ebid or *Ebdei.[106]
Citations
- ^ Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Woolf (2007) p. 118; Howlett (2000) pp. 53, 55; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 363; Skene (1867) p. 9; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 29r.
- ^ Evans (2015); Clarkson (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013); Walker (2013); Clarkson (2012b); Oram (2011); Clarkson (2010); Bartrum (2009); Downham (2007); Woolf (2007); Clancy (2006a); Clancy (2006b); Broun (2004a); Broun (2004b); Dumville (1999); Hudson, BT (1998); Macquarrie (1998); Ó Corráin (1998a); Ó Corráin (1998b); Woolf (1998); Hudson, BT (1996); Hudson, BT (1994); Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991).
- ^ Anderson, MO (2004).
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013); Dumville (1999).
- ^ Clarkson (2012a); Clarkson (2010); Bartrum (2009); Hudson, BT (1994).
- ^ Bhreathnach (2005).
- ^ Bartrum (2009).
- ^ Woolf (2007).
- ^ Woolf (1998).
- ^ Macquarrie (1998); Macquarrie (1990); Macquarrie (1986).
- ^ Guy (2016) pp. 6 tab. 1, 22–23; Clarkson (2014) chs. genealogical tables, 1 ¶ 23, 2 ¶ 21; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, introduction ¶ 12, 2 ¶ 35; Broun (2004c) p. 117; Dumville (1999) p. 110; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Woolf (1998) pp. 159–160; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 134; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. clvii–clviii; Phillimore (1888) pp. 172–173; Skene (1867) p. 15.
- ^ Bartrum (2009) p. 29.
- ^ Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 19; Downham (2007) p. 162; Woolf (2007) pp. 93–95; Davidson (2002) p. 126, 126 n. 75; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 148, 153; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 288; Skene (1867) p. 8.
- ^ Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 19; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 19; Downham (2007) p. 162; Woolf (2007) p. 101; Anderson, MO (2004); Macquarrie (1998) p. 12 n. 3.
- ^ Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 52; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7.
- ^ Macquarrie (1998) p. 12.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 162.
- ^ Howlett (2000) p. 65; Skene (1867) p. 131; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 29r.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Downham (2007) p. 163; Bhreathnach (2005) p. 269; Broun (2004c) p. 127; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 55, 164 tab. 2a, 173 genealogy 6, 174 n. 3; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 363; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 19; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 38.
- ^ Guy (2016) pp. 22–23; Clarkson (2014) chs. genealogical tables, 1 ¶ 23, 1 n. 56, 2 ¶¶ 21–22, 3 ¶ 19; Edmonds (2014) p. 201; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 571; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, introduction ¶ 12, 2 ¶ 35–36, 4 ¶ 44, 8 ¶ 23, 9 ¶ 4; Bartrum (2009) p. 642; Woolf (2007) p. 28; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 324 n. 1; Broun (2004c) p. 117; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Dumville (1999) p. 110; Woolf (1998) pp. 159–160, 160–161 n. 61; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 134; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 72; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Macquarrie (1986) p. 21; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. clvii–clviii; Phillimore (1888) pp. 172–173; Skene (1867) p. 15.
- ^ Guy (2016) pp. 22–23; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 23.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 23.
- ^ Bartrum (2009) pp. 286, 642; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 48; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 363; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 22; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44 § 135, 85 § 135, 206; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1930) p. 41 § 133; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 366; Skene (1867) p. 87.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 22; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 85 n. 85, 206–207; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 55; Giles (1847) p. 342.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 22.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1994) p. 55.
- ^ Yorke (2009) p. 49.
- ^ Jorgensen (2017) 48, 48 n. 145; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 870.6; McLeod, S (2015) pp. 3, 11; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Hudson, B (2014) p. 203; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 480; Downham (2013) p. 17; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 40; Fraser (2012) p. 71; Downham (2011) p. 192; Gigov (2011) p. 23; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 123–124; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 20; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 388; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 35; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 388; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 870.6; Downham (2007) pp. 66–67, 142, 240, 258; Woolf (2007) p. 109; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 88; Costambeys (2004); Hicks (2003) p. 34; Valante (1998–1999) p. 245; Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38, 38 n. 141; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331, 331 n. 149; Crawford (1997) p. 50; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 50; Smyth (1989) p. 215; Holm (1986) p. 321; Brooks (1979) p. 6; McTurk (1976) p. 117 n. 173; Alcock (1975–1976) p. 106; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 301–302; Beaven (1918) p. 337 n. 36.
- ^ Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 871; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 871; Broun (2007) p. 80; Downham (2007) pp. 240, 259; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 144; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 303 n. 1.
- ^ Downham (2018) p. 49; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 871.2; Wadden (2016) p. 176; McLeod, S (2015) pp. 3, 11; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Hudson, B (2014) p. 204; Downham (2013) p. 17, 17 n. 38; Gigov (2011) p. 23; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 123–124, 171–172 n. 339; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 20; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Sheehan (2008) p. 289; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 871.2; Broun (2007) p. 80; Downham (2007) pp. 22–23, 66–67, 142, 240, 259; Woolf (2007) p. 109; Costambeys (2004); Hicks (2003) p. 34; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 33; Sawyer (2001) p. 10; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 144; Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Smyth (1989) p. 215; Holm (1986) p. 321, 321 n. 10; Pelteret (1980) p. 106, 106 n. 64; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 319; Alcock (1975–1976) p. 106; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 302–303; Beaven (1918) p. 337 n. 36.
- ^ Downham (2011) p. 192; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 393; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 393; Downham (2007) pp. 142, 240, 259; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 88; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 144; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38 n. 142; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331 n. 150; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 51; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 59; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 303 n. 1.
- ^ Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 322 § 871.2.
- ^ Sheehan (2008) p. 294 n. 64; Holm (1986) p. 321, 321 n. 11; De Simon (1909) p. 30 § 871.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 88.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 9; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 124; Sheehan (2008) p. 289; Downham (2007) p. 23; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 88; Crawford (1997) pp. 50–51; Holm (1986) p. 321.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 9; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 21; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 45; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶¶ 20–21; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 870.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 870.6; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ Guy (2016) p. 5 n. 15; Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11, 3 n. 10; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42; Woolf (2010) p. 225; Bartrum (2009) p. 29; Downham (2007) p. 163; Clancy (2006a); Clancy (2006c); Calise (2002) p. 197; Hicks (2003) pp. 16, 30; Dumville (1999) pp. 110–111; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 174 n. 1.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 872.5; Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11, 3 n. 10; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42; Woolf (2010) p. 225; Bartrum (2009) p. 29; Clancy (2009) p. 28; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 36; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 872.5; Downham (2007) p. 163; Clancy (2006a); Clancy (2006c); Hicks (2003) pp. 16, 30; Calise (2002) p. 197; Davidson (2002) p. 126; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 41; Dumville (1999) pp. 110–111; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 174 n. 1; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 60; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 304.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 872; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 872; Calise (2002) p. 197; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 304 n. 2.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 324 § 872.5.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11; Bartrum (2009) p. 642; Woolf (2007) p. 111; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13.
- ^ Broun (2004b) p. 127 n. 61.
- ^ Clancy (2006a); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 52.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 163; Macquarrie (1998) pp. 12–13.
- ^ a b c Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 18.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 18; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 21.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 163; Broun (2004a); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 52.
- ^ Driscoll, ST (2016) pp. 75–77, 78 fig. 4; Driscoll, ST (2014).
- ^ Driscoll, ST (2016) p. 75; Driscoll, ST (2014); Driscoll, ST (2003) p. 77.
- ^ Driscoll, ST (2016) p. 74; Driscoll, ST (2014); Driscoll, ST (2003) p. 78.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42.
- ^ Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 18; Dumville (1999) p. 110; Woolf (1998) pp. 159–160; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. clvii–clviii; Phillimore (1888) pp. 172–173; Skene (1867) p. 15.
- ^ Foley (2017); Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5, 7; Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 23, 3 ¶ 11–12; Edmonds (2014) p. 201; Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 480–481; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Davies (2009) p. 73; Oram (2008) p. 169; Downham (2007) p. 169; Clancy (2006c); Driscoll, S (2006); Forsyth (2005) p. 32; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10; Driscoll, ST (2003) pp. 81–82; Hicks (2003) pp. 32, 34; Driscoll, ST (2001a); Driscoll, ST (2001b); Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112.
- ^ Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5, 7; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 13; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10.
- ^ Fraser (2012) p. 70 fig. 2.2.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. 2 ¶ 50, 3 ¶ 12; Davies (2009) p. 73.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. 2 ¶¶ 48–56, 2 n. 46, 3 ¶ 12; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 57; Arnold (1885) pp. 40–41 ch. 42; Stevenson (1855) p. 448.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. 2 ¶ 30, 3 ¶ 13.
- ^ Driscoll, ST (2015) p. 5; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11; Edmonds (2014) pp. 200–201; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 26; Davies (2009) p. 73; Downham (2007) p. 162 n. 158; Clancy (2006c); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 8; Hicks (2003) pp. 15, 16, 30.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11, 3 ¶ 17; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 36; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 480; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 322 n. 4; Clancy (2006c); Hicks (2003) pp. 16, 30.
- ^ Woolf (2010) p. 225; Davies (2009) p. 73.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 18; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 20.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 23, 3 ¶ 18.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 872.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 872.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 23; Woolf (2007) p. 111.
- ^ Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Woolf (2007) p. 118; Howlett (2000) pp. 53, 55; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 174 n. 2; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 363; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ a b Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 21; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 21, 3 n. 21; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Durkan (1998) p. 129; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 154 n. 23; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 43 § 128, 84–85 § 128, 85 n. 79, 203–204; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 52; Anderson, AO (1930) p. 39 § 126.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 21; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 41; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 154 n. 23; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 203–204; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 52.
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 60; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 142, 240, 142 n. 33; Hudson, BT (2004); Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 148, 148–148 n. 9, 154; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 51; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 352, 352 n. 5; Skene (1867) p. 8.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 873.3; McLeod, S (2015) p. 12; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 124; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 873.3; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 431; Downham (2007) pp. 23, 259; Ó Corráin (2006) p. 57; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 41; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 334; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 319.
- ^ McLeod, S (2015) pp. 11–12; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 124; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 431; Ó Corráin (2006) p. 57; Ó Corráin (2001) p. 90.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 23.
- ^ Downham (2013) pp. 21–22; McLeod, S (2015) p. 12; Downham (2007) p. 143; Woolf (2007) p. 111; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 148–149, 154; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353; Skene (1867) p. 8.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 875.3; McLeod, S (2015) p. 12; Downham (2013) p. 21; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 125; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 875.3; Woolf (2007) p. 111; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 320.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 n. 25; Downham (2013) p. 21; McLeod, S (2015) p. 12; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 125; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 36; Downham (2007) p. 143; Woolf (2007) p. 111; Swanton (1998) pp. 74, 75; Whitelock (1996) p. 199; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 320.
- ^ McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 125, 173; Downham (2007) p. 143.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 61; Downham (2007) pp. 162–162.
- ^ Downham (2013) p. 21 n. 62; Woolf (2010) p. 224; Clancy (2009) p. 28; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 36.
- ^ Crawford (1997) p. 131.
- ^ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 156 n. 248; Crawford (1997) p. 131.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1998) p. 149; Skene (1867) p. 9; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 29r.
- ^ Broun (2004c) p. 127 n. 61; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13 n. 2.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 876.1; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 876.1; Calise (2002) p. 197; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 352; Inverdovat (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 111–112; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 148–149, 154; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353, 353 n. 1; Skene (1867) p. 8.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; Woolf (2007) p. 112; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40, § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333, 333 n. 161; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353, 353 n. 3, 355 n. 4; Skene (1886) pp. 327–328 n. 103; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 288, 301; Inverdovat (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 112; Broun (2004a); Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333 n. 161.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Crawford (2000) p. 125; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333 n. 161; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353 n. 3; Skene (1886) pp. 327, 327–328 n. 103; Inverdovat (n.d.).
- ^ Hudson, BT (2002) p. 41; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 43 § 130, 85 § 130, 85 n. 81; Anderson, AO (1930) p. 40 § 128; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 355, 355 n. 4; Skene (1886) pp. 327, 327–328 n. 103; Skene (1867) p. 86; Inverdovat (n.d.).
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Macquarrie (1990) p. 8.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Downham (2007) p. 163.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b c Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶¶ 24–26; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44 §§ 134–136, 85 §§ 134–136; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 55; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–41 §§ 132–134; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) p. 87.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Woolf (2007) p. 118; Broun (2004b); Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 141, 149, 154–155, 155 n. 26; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 55–56; Smyth (1989) pp. 216–217; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 363–364, 364 n. 1; Skene (1867) p. 9.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 48; Broun (2004b); Macquarrie (1998) p. 13, 13 n. 3; Smyth (1989) p. 217.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 56.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Oram (2011) ch. 2.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 62–63, 63 n. 32.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, 9 ¶ 4; Broun (2004c) p. 135 tab.
- ^ a b c d Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables.
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