Máel Coluim, King of Strathclyde
Máel Coluim | |
---|---|
King of Strathclyde | |
Predecessor | Dyfnwal ab Owain or Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal |
Successor | Owain ap Dyfnwal |
Died | 997 |
Issue | Owain Foel? |
Father | Dyfnwal ab Owain |
Máel Coluim (died 997) was a tenth-century
It is unknown when Dyfnwal's reign came to an end. There is reason to suspect that a certain
Máel Coluim's father died in 975, having set off upon a pilgrimage to Rome. Quite when Máel Coluim succeeded Dyfnwal is uncertain. It could have been before, during, or after the assembly of 973. In any case, Máel Coluim's reign was evidently unremarkable, although the tenth-century Saltair na Rann preserves several lines of verse in his praise. Máel Coluim appears to have been succeeded by a brother, Owain. This man's successor, Owain Foel, seems to have been a son of Máel Coluim.
Dyfnwal's sons and English aggression
Máel Coluim was a son of
In 945, the "A" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century
The gruesome fate inflicted upon Dyfnwal's sons could reveal that their father was regarded to have broken certain pledges rendered to the English.
Rhydderch and conflict with the Scots
After the death of
Cuilén seems to have been succeeded by his kinsman
Máel Coluim and an assembly of kings
There is evidence to suggest that both Máel Coluim
Whilst the symbolic tale of the men rowing Edgar down the river may be an unhistorical embellishment, most of the names accorded to the eight kings can be associated with contemporary rulers, suggesting that some of these men may have taken part in a concord with him.[66][note 4] Although the latter accounts allege that the kings submitted to Edgar, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle merely states that they came to an agreement of cooperation with him, and thus became his efen-wyrhtan ("co-workers", "even-workers", "fellow-workers").[68] One possibility is that the assembly somehow relates to Edmund's attested incursion into Cumbria in 945. According to the same source, when Edmund let Cumbria to Máel Coluim mac Domnaill, he had done so on the condition that the latter would be his mid-wyrhta ("co-worker", "even-worker", "fellow-worker", "together-wright").[69] Less reliable non-contemporary sources such as De primo Saxonum adventu,[70] both the Wendover[71] and Paris versions of Flores historiarum,[72] and Chronica majora allege that Edgar granted Lothian to Cináed in 975.[73] If this supposed grant formed a part of the episode at Chester, it along with the concord of 945 could indicate that the assembly of 975 was not a submission as such, but more of a conference concerning mutual cooperation along the English borderlands.[74] Although the precise chronology of Cumbrian expansion is uncertain, by 927 the southern frontier of the Kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have reached the River Eamont, close to Penrith.[75] As such, the location of the assembly of 973 at Chester would have been a logical site for all parties.[76][note 5]
One of the other named kings was Cináed.[80] Considering the fact that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle numbers the kings at six, if Cináed was indeed present, it is unlikely that his rival, Cuilén's brother Amlaíb mac Illuilb, was also in attendance.[81] Although the chronology concerning the reigns of Cináed and Amlaíb mac Illuilb is uncertain[82]—with Amlaíb mac Illuilb perhaps reigning from 971/976–977[83] and Cináed from 971/977–995[81]—the part played by the King of Alba at the assembly could well have concerned the frontier of his realm.[84] One of the other named kings seems to have been Maccus mac Arailt,[85] whilst another could have been this man's brother, Gofraid.[86] These two Islesmen may have been regarded as threats by the Scots[84] and Cumbrians.[81] Maccus and Gofraid are recorded to have devastated Anglesey at the beginning of the decade,[87] which could indicate that Edgar's assembly was undertaken as a means to counter the menace posed by these energetic insular Scandinavians.[88] In fact, there is evidence to suggest that, as a consequence of the assembly at Chester, the brothers may have turned their attention from the British mainland westwards towards Ireland.[89]
Another aspect of the assembly may have concerned the remarkable rising power of
Máel Coluim's reign and death
Both Dyfnwal[97] and Edgar died in 975.[98] According to various Irish annals, Dyfnwal met his end whilst undertaking a pilgrimage.[99] Surviving sources fail to note the Cumbrian realm between the obituaries of Dyfnwal in 975 and Máel Coluim in 997.[100] Quite when Dyfnwal ceased to possess the kingship is uncertain. On one hand, there is reason to suspect that Rhydderch possessed power in 971.[38] On the other hand, it is also possible that Dyfnwal was still reigning in 973.[101] In fact, this could have been the point when he ceded power to Máel Coluim: conceivably as a consequence of Rhydderch's assassination of Cuilén two years beforehand.[102] Alternately, Dyfnwal may have retained royal control until setting off upon his pilgrimage.[103] If correct, it could have been Edgar's death that precipitated this final trek, and the transference of the Cumbrian kingship to Máel Coluim.[81][note 7]
Máel Coluim's part in the assembly could have partly concerned his father's impending pilgrimage, and that he sought surety for Dyfnwal's safe passage through Edgar's realm.[84] The fact that Máel Coluim is identified as one of the assembled kings could indicate that Dyfnwal had relinquished control to him at some point before the convention.[106] Conversely, Máel Coluim's title could instead indicate that he merely represented his aged father,[107] and acted as regent.[108] Evidence that Máel Coluim had indeed assumed the kingship before the assembly may exist in the record of a certain Malcolm dux who witnessed an English royal charter in 970 at Woolmer.[109] Although the authenticity of this document is questionable, the attested Malcolm could well be identical to Máel Coluim himself.[110][note 9] If Máel Coluim was indeed king in 973, Dyfnwal's role at the assembly may have been that of an 'elder statesman' of sorts—possibly serving as an adviser or mentor—especially considering his decades of experience in international affairs.[112][note 10]
And Mael Coluim, with hundreds of deeds, before the hands of the land of the Britons, with the bright hospitality of every good battle, the good son of Domnall, son of Eogan.
— excerpt from Saltair na Rann praising Máel Coluim, and proclaiming his descent from Dyfnwal ab Owain and Owain ap Dyfnwal.[114]
If Máel Coluim succeeded Dyfnwal, it could mean that Rhydderch—if he was indeed Máel Coluim's brother—was either dead or unable to reign as king. Whilst it is possible that the sons of Dyfnwal maimed by the English in 945 were still alive in the 970s,[47] the horrific injuries endured by these men would have meant that they were deemed unfit to rule.[115] Notwithstanding the uncertainties surrounding his accession, Máel Coluim's reign was evidently unremarkable.[116] Certainly, no source records Scottish-Cumbrian political relations at about the inception of Máel Coluim's reign,[117] although the fact that Dyfnwal left for Rome could be evidence that the latter did not regard the realm or dynasty to be threatened during his absence.[118]
Máel Coluim—alongside contemporary Irish, English, and
Notes
- Domnall ua Néill, King of Tara.[63]
- ^ Two of the kings are accorded names of uncertain meaning.[67]
- mud flats between the River Esk and the Solway Firth,[77] it would reveal that what is today Cumberland had fallen outwith Cumbrian royal authority and into the hands of the English.[78]
- ^ According to the Life of St Cathróe, after Dyfnwal escorted Cathróe to the frontier of his realm, the latter was then escorted by a certain Gunderic to the domain of Erich at York.[94] It is possible that Gunderic is identical to Thored's father, and identical to the Gunner who appears in charter evidence from 931–963.[95]
- ^ In fact, the upheaval caused by the absence of Dyfnwal and Edgar could well have contributed to Cináed's final elimination of Amlaíb mac Illuilb in 997.[81]
- ^ Only three rulers of the Kingdom of Strathclyde were styled King of the Cumbrians: Máel Coluim himself, Máel Coluim's father, and Máel Coluim's grandfather, Owain ap Dyfnwal.[105]
- ^ This charter is composed of Latin and Old English text. The document may be evidence of Scottish and Cumbrian submission to the English. For example, one place the text reads in Latin: "I, Edgar, ruler of the beloved island of Albion, subjected to us of the rule of the Scots and Cumbrians and the Britons and of all regions round about ...". The corresponding Old English text reads: "I, Edgar, exalted as king over the English people by His [God's] grace, and He has now subjected to my authority the Scots and Cumbrians and also the Britons and all that this island has inside ...".[111]
- ^ If Máel Coluim was indeed king, the attestation of Malcolm dux would be the only record of a foreign king witnessing one of Edgar's charters.[113]
Citations
- ^ Davidson (2002) p. 142 n. 149; Arnold (1885) p. 372; Cotton MS Domitian A VIII (n.d.).
- ^ Downham (2007).
- ^ Clarkson (2014); Edmonds (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013b); Oram (2011); Aird (2009); Davidson (2002); Hudson (1996).
- ^ Minard (2012); Parsons (2011); Woolf (2007); Busse (2006c); Minard (2006); Broun (2004c); Hicks (2003); Thornton (2001).
- ^ Duncan (2002).
- ^ Williams (2014); Walker (2013); Clarkson (2012); Minard (2012); Clarkson (2010); Keynes (2008); Breeze (2007); Macquarrie (2004); Hicks (2003); Duncan (2002); Hudson (2002); Jayakumar (2002).
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013b).
- ^ Clarkson (2010).
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Clarkson (2010) ch. genealogical tables; Woolf (2007) p. 238 tab. 6.4; Broun (2004c) p. 135 tab.; Macquarrie (1998) pp. 6, 16; Hudson (1994) p. 173 genealogy 6.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 67.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 44.
- ^ Parsons (2011) p. 129; Woolf (2007) p. 184.
- ^ Clarkson (2013) p. 25.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. xiii, 184, 184 n. 17; Koch (2006); Bruford (2000) pp. 64, 65 n. 76; Schrijver (1995) p. 81.
- ^ Royal MS 14 B VI (n.d.).
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2015a) p. 27 § a509.3; Keynes (2015) pp. 95–96; Clarkson (2014) ch. 6 ¶ 14, 6 n. 19; Halloran (2011) p. 308, 308 n. 40; Woolf (2010) p. 228, 228 n. 27; Downham (2007) p. 153; Woolf (2007) p. 183; Downham (2003) p. 42; Hicks (2003) p. 39; Alcock (1975–1976) p. 106; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 449.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 6 ¶ 15; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 25; Downham (2003) p. 42; Hicks (2003) p. 39; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 449; Rhŷs (1890) p. 261; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 20–21.
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2015a) p. 27 n. 191; Keynes (2015) pp. 95–96; McGuigan (2015) pp. 83, 139–140; McLeod (2015) p. 4; Molyneaux (2015) pp. 33, 52–53, 76; Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 10, 6 ¶ 11, 6 n. 18, 6 ¶ 20; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 5; Halloran (2011) p. 307, 307 n. 36; Molyneaux (2011) pp. 66, 66 n. 27, 69, 70, 73, 88; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶¶ 25–27; Woolf (2010) p. 228, 228 n. 26; Downham (2007) p. 153; Woolf (2007) p. 183; Clancy (2006); Williams (2004b); Downham (2003) p. 42; Hicks (2003) p. 16 n. 35; Duncan (2002) p. 23; Thornton (2001) p. 78, 78 n. 114; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 80; Williams (1999) p. 86; Whitelock (1996) p. 224; Smyth (1989) pp. 205–206; Alcock (1975–1976) p. 106; Stenton (1963) p. 355; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 74, 74 n. 3; Thorpe (1861) pp. 212–213.
- ^ Holland (2016) ch. Malmesbury ¶ 7; Clarkson (2014) ch. 6 ¶ 11, 6 n. 20; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 74 nn. 4–5; Arnold (1879) p. 162 bk. 5 ch. 21; Forester (1853) p. 172 bk. 5.
- ^ Firth (2016) pp. 24–25; McGuigan (2015) p. 139; Molyneaux (2015) pp. 33, 61, 76; Clarkson (2014) ch. 6 ¶¶ 12–13, 6 n. 21; Halloran (2011) p. 308; Molyneaux (2011) pp. 66, 66 n. 27, 70; Woolf (2007) p. 183; Duncan (2002) p. 23; Thornton (2001) p. 78, 78 n. 114; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 12; Stenton (1963) p. 355; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 74 n. 5; Giles (1849) pp. 252–253; Coxe (1841) p. 398.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 139; Luard (2012) p. 500; Halloran (2011) p. 308, 308 n. 41; Yonge (1853) p. 473.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 6 ¶ 14; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 25.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 6 n. 23.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. 6 ¶ 14, 7 ¶ 5.
- ^ Holland (2016) ch. Malmesbury ¶ 5; Molyneaux (2015) pp. 77–78; Woolf (2007) p. 183.
- ^ Oram (2011) ch. 2.
- ^ Molyneaux (2015) pp. 33, 77–78.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 5.
- ^ Anderson, AO (1922) p. 476; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 226; Cotton MS Faustina B IX (n.d.).
- ^ Broun (2004a).
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 23.
- ^ Broun (2015); Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 6; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶¶ 28–29; Oram (2011) chs. 2, 5; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 29; Busse (2006b); Busse (2006c); Broun (2004c) p. 135 tab.; Macquarrie (2004); Macquarrie (1998) pp. 6, 16; Hudson (1994) pp. 173 genealogy 6, 174 n. 10; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 92, 104.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 29; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 476, 476 n. 1; Skene (1867) p. 151.
- ^ Broun (2005) pp. 87–88 n. 37; Skene (1867) p. 179.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶¶ 32–33; Woolf (2007) p. 204; Macquarrie (2004); Hicks (2003) pp. 40–41; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 476; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 226.
- ^ Hudson (1994) pp. 93, 174 n. 10; Skene (1872) pp. 161–162 bk 4 ch. 27; Skene (1871) pp. 169–170 bk 4.
- ^ Macquarrie (2004); Thornton (2001) p. 67 n. 66.
- ^ a b Macquarrie (2004).
- ^ a b The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 997.3; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 997.3; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Broun (2004a); Broun (2004b).
- ^ Williams (2014); Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 25; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 30; Oram (2011) ch. 5; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 35; Woolf (2009) p. 259; Busse (2006a); Broun (2004b); Hudson (1998) pp. 151, 161; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 512; Skene (1867) p. 10.
- ^ a b Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 25; Woolf (2009) p. 259.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 25.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 35; Broun (2004b).
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 140; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 28; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 35.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 67 n. 66.
- ^ a b Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 35.
- ^ Hicks (2003) p. 44 n. 107.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 149; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 30; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 37; Broun (2007) p. 54; Hicks (2003) pp. 41–42; Davidson (2002) pp. 147–148, 147 n. 167; Hudson (1998) pp. 151, 161; Hudson (1994) p. 96; Breeze (1992); Anderson, AO (1922) p. 512; Skene (1867) p. 10.
- ^ Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 30; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 37.
- ^ Rhŷs (1890) p. 262; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 26–27; Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.); Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.).
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Edmonds (2014) p. 206; Williams (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 543–544; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶¶ 30, 36; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 29; Minard (2012); Aird (2009) p. 309; Breeze (2007) pp. 154–155; Downham (2007) p. 167; Minard (2006); Macquarrie (2004); Williams (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 142–143; Duncan (2002) p. 23 n. 53; Jayakumar (2002) p. 34; Thornton (2001) pp. 66–67; Williams (1999) pp. 88, 116; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 9; Jennings (1994) p. 215; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 104, 124; Stenton (1963) p. 324.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Edmonds (2014) p. 206; Williams (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 543–544; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 29; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Woolf (2009) p. 259; Breeze (2007) pp. 154–155; Downham (2007) pp. 124, 167; Woolf (2007) p. 208; Macquarrie (2004); Williams (2004); Hicks (2003) p. 42; Davidson (2002) p. 143; Jayakumar (2002) p. 34; Thornton (2001) pp. 54–55, 67; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 104, 124; Stenton (1963) p. 324.
- ^ Firth (2018) p. 48; Holland (2016) ch. Malmesbury ¶ 6; McGuigan (2015) pp. 143–144, 144 n. 466; Molyneaux (2015) p. 34; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶¶ 9–10, 7 n. 11; Williams (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 543–544; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30; Molyneaux (2011) pp. 66, 69, 88; Breeze (2007) p. 153; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) p. 10; Woolf (2007) pp. 207–208; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Irvine (2004) p. 59; Karkov (2004) p. 108; Williams (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 138, 140, 140 n. 140, 144; Thornton (2001) p. 50; Baker (2000) pp. 83–84; Williams (1999) pp. 88, 116, 191 n. 50; Whitelock (1996) pp. 229–230; Hudson (1994) p. 97; Stenton (1963) p. 364; Anderson, AO (1908) pp. 75–76; Stevenson, WH (1898); Thorpe (1861) pp. 225–227.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 61 n. 94; Keynes (2015) pp. 113–114; McGuigan (2015) pp. 143–144; Edmonds (2014) p. 206, 206 n. 60; Williams (2014); Molyneaux (2011) p. 67; Breeze (2007) p. 154; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) p. 10; Karkov (2004) p. 108; Williams (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 140–141, 141 n. 145, 145; Thornton (2001) p. 51; Williams (1999) pp. 191 n. 50, 203 n. 71; Hudson (1994) pp. 97–98; Jennings (1994) pp. 213–214; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 479 n. 1; Stevenson, WH (1898); Skeat (1881) pp. 468–469.
- ^ Firth (2018) p. 48; Edmonds (2015) p. 61 n. 94; McGuigan (2015) pp. 143–144, n. 466; Keynes (2015) p. 114; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶¶ 12–14; Edmonds (2014) p. 206; Williams (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 543–544; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30; Molyneaux (2011) pp. 66–67; Breeze (2007) p. 153; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) p. 11; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Karkov (2004) p. 108; Williams (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 13, 134, 134 n. 111, 142, 145; Thornton (2001) pp. 57–58; Williams (1999) pp. 116, 191 n. 50; Whitelock (1996) p. 230 n. 1; Hudson (1994) p. 97; Jennings (1994) p. 213; Smyth (1989) pp. 226–227; Stenton (1963) p. 364; Anderson, AO (1908) pp. 76–77; Stevenson, WH (1898); Forester (1854) pp. 104–105; Stevenson, J (1853) pp. 247–248; Thorpe (1848) pp. 142–143.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 61 n. 94; Keynes (2015) p. 114; McGuigan (2015) p. 144, n. 466; Edmonds (2014) p. 206; Williams (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 543–544; Molyneaux (2011) pp. 66–67; Breeze (2007) p. 153; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) pp. 10–11; Karkov (2004) p. 108, 108 n. 123; Williams (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 143, 145; Thornton (2001) pp. 59–60; Hudson (1994) p. 97; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 77 n. 1; Stevenson, WH (1898); Giles (1847) p. 147 bk. 2 ch. 8; Hardy (1840) p. 236 bk. 2 ch. 148.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 144, 144 n. 469; Davidson (2002) p. 142, 142 n. 149, 145; Thornton (2001) pp. 60–61; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 76 n. 2; Arnold (1885) p. 372.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 60; Luard (1872) pp. 466–467.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 60; Giles (1849) pp. 263–264; Coxe (1841) p. 415.
- ^ Luard (2012) p. 513; Thornton (2001) p. 60; Yonge (1853) p. 484.
- ^ Hicks (2003) p. 42; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 478–479; Stevenson, J (1856) p. 100; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 34.
- ^ Davidson (2002) pp. 146–147.
- ^ Cassell's History of England (1909) p. 53.
- ^ Williams (2004).
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 74.
- ^ Thornton (2001) pp. 67–74.
- ^ Davidson (2002) pp. 66–67, 140; Davidson (2001) p. 208; Thornton (2001) pp. 77–78.
- ^ Hicks (2003) p. 16 n. 35; Davidson (2002) pp. 115–116, 140; Davidson (2001) p. 208; Thornton (2001) pp. 77–78; Whitelock (1996) p. 224; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 74; Thorpe (1861) pp. 212–213.
- ^ Keynes (2008) p. 51; Woolf (2007) p. 211; Thornton (2001) pp. 65–66; Anderson, MO (1960) p. 104; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 77; Arnold (1885) p. 382.
- ^ Anderson, MO (1960) p. 107, 107 n. 1; Giles (1849) p. 264; Coxe (1841) p. 416.
- ^ Luard (2012) p. 513; Thornton (2001) pp. 65–66; Anderson, MO (1960) p. 107, 107 n. 1; Yonge (1853) p. 485.
- ^ Anderson, MO (1960) p. 107, 107 nn. 1, 4; Anderson, AO (1908) pp. 77–78 n. 6; Luard (1872) pp. 467–468.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 125; Williams (2004); Davidson (2002) p. 5; Thornton (2001) pp. 78–79.
- ^ Dumville (2018) pp. 72, 110, 118; Edmonds (2015) pp. 44, 53; Charles-Edwards (2013a) p. 20; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 481; Parsons (2011) p. 138 n. 62; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 10; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 40; Downham (2007) p. 165; Clancy (2006); Todd (2005) p. 96; Stenton (1963) p. 328.
- ^ Barrow (2001) p. 89.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 147; Aird (2009) p. 309; Davidson (2002) p. 149, 149 n. 172; Duncan (2002) p. 24; Hudson (1994) p. 140; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 77; Arnold (1885) p. 382.
- ^ Duncan (2002) pp. 24–25.
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 81; Whitelock (1996) p. 230; Thorpe (1861) p. 226; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ Aird (2009) p. 309; Woolf (2009) p. 259; Breeze (2007) p. 155; Downham (2007) p. 124; Woolf (2007) p. 208; Broun (2004b); Davidson (2002) p. 142.
- ^ a b c d e Woolf (2007) p. 208.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 208–209.
- ^ Duncan (2002) pp. 21–22; Hudson (1994) p. 93.
- ^ a b c Matthews (2007) p. 25.
- ^ Jennings (2015); Wadden (2015) pp. 27–28; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Williams (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 543; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 31; Woolf (2009) p. 259; Breeze (2007) p. 155; Downham (2007) pp. 124–125, 167, 222; Matthews (2007) p. 25; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Davidson (2002) pp. 143, 146, 151; Jayakumar (2002) p. 34; Williams (1999) p. 116; Hudson (1994) p. 97; Jennings (1994) pp. 213–214; Stenton (1963) p. 364.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 544; Breeze (2007) p. 156; Downham (2007) pp. 125 n. 10, 222; Matthews (2007) p. 25; Davidson (2002) pp. 143, 146, 151; Jayakumar (2002) p. 34.
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2015b) p. 43 § b993.1; Williams (2014); Downham (2007) p. 192; Matthews (2007) pp. 9, 25; Woolf (2007) pp. 206–207; Davidson (2002) p. 151; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 478–479 n. 6; Rhŷs (1890) p. 262; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 24–25.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 545; Downham (2007) pp. 222–223; Matthews (2007) pp. 9, 15; Woolf (2007) pp. 207–208.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 126–127, 222–223; Woolf (2007) p. 208.
- ^ Baker (2000) p. 83; Cotton MS Domitian A VIII (n.d.).
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 545; Davidson (2002) p. 147.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 545.
- ^ Williams (2014); Williams (2004); Whitelock (1996) p. 229; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 472; Thorpe (1861) p. 223.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 98; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 441; Skene (1867) p. 116; Colganvm (1645) p. 497.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) pp. 98–99.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 26.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 17; Williams (2014); Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶¶ 30, 36; Minard (2012); Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 41; Woolf (2007) p. 184; Busse (2006c); Minard (2006); Broun (2004c) pp. 128–129; Macquarrie (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 39, 146; Macquarrie (1998) pp. 15–16; Hudson (1994) pp. 101, 174 n. 8; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 104.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 17; Williams (2014); Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 35; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 41; Woolf (2007) p. 208; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 124.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 975.2; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 975.3; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 17, 7 n. 19; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 36; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 41; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 975.2; Woolf (2007) p. 184; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 975.3; Broun (2004c) pp. 128–129; Macquarrie (2004); Hicks (2003) p. 42; Davidson (2002) pp. 39, 146; Macquarrie (1998) pp. 15–16; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 8; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 480, 480 n. 7.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 41.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30; Busse (2006c); Thornton (2001) p. 55.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 36; Oram (2011) ch. 2.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30; Busse (2006c); Hudson (1994) p. 101; Stenton (1963) p. 364.
- ^ Anderson, AO (1922) p. 478; Stevenson, J (1856) p. 100; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 34; Cotton MS Faustina B IX (n.d.).
- ^ Minard (2012); Minard (2006).
- ^ Williams (2014); Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 29; Macquarrie (2004); Davidson (2002) p. 146; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 104.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30.
- ^ Breeze (2007) p. 154.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 101, 101 n. 302; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 5, 7 n. 3; Birch (1893) pp. 557–560 § 1266; Thorpe (1865) pp. 237–243; Malcolm 4 (n.d.); S 779 (n.d.).
- ^ Molyneaux (2015) p. 57 n. 45; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 5; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 544; Molyneaux (2011) p. 66; Keynes (2008) p. 50 n. 232; Davidson (2002) pp. 147, 147 n. 166, 152; Thornton (2001) p. 71; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 9; Malcolm 4 (n.d.).
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 52, 52 n. 6; Birch (1893) pp. 557–560 § 1266; Thorpe (1865) pp. 237–243; S 779 (n.d.).
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 29; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 35.
- ^ Davidson (2002) pp. 147, 152.
- ^ Saltair na Rann (2011) §§ 2373–2376; Hudson (1994) pp. 101, 174 nn. 8–9; Mac Eoin (1961) pp. 53 §§ 2373–2376, 55–56; Saltair na Rann (n.d.) §§ 2373–2376.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 5; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 35.
- ^ Busse (2006c).
- ^ Clarkson (2012) ch. 9 ¶ 29.
- ^ Hicks (2003) p. 42.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 140; Saltair na Rann (2011) §§ 2373–2376; Hudson (2002) pp. 34, 36; Hudson (1996) p. 102; Hudson (1994) pp. 101, 174 nn. 8–9; Hudson (1991) p. 147; Mac Eoin (1961) pp. 53 §§ 2373–2376, 55–56; Saltair na Rann (n.d.) §§ 2373–2376.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 222.
- ^ Hicks (2003) p. 31; Thornton (2001) p. 66; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 9; Mac Eoin (1961) p. 56; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 517 n. 5; Murphy (1896) p. 163.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 997.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 997.5; Woolf (2007) p. 184, 184 n. 17; Davidson (2002) p. 39; Thornton (2001) p. 66; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 9; Mac Eoin (1961) p. 56; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 517 n. 5.
- ^ Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 997; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 997; Thornton (2001) p. 66; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 9; Mac Eoin (1961) p. 56; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 517 n. 5.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 997.3; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 997.3; Macquarrie (2004); Hicks (2003) p. 31; Thornton (2001) p. 66; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 9; Mac Eoin (1961) p. 56; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 517.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 17; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 41; Woolf (2007) pp. 222, 233, 236.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 9 ¶ 47.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. genealogical tables, 8 ¶ 7; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Woolf (2007) pp. 236, 238 tab. 6.4; Broun (2004c) pp. 128 n. 66, 135 tab.; Hicks (2003) p. 44, 44 n. 107; Duncan (2002) pp. 29, 41.
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External links
- Media related to Máel Coluim mac Domnaill at Wikimedia Commons
- Malcolm 4 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England