Rites of Zhou
Rites of Zhou | |
---|---|
Chinese name | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Zhōu lǐ |
Wade–Giles | Chou1 li3 |
Hakka | |
Romanization | Ziu li |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | Jāu láih |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | Chiu lé |
Middle Chinese | |
Middle Chinese | /t͡ɕɨu leiX/ |
Old Chinese | |
Zhengzhang | /*tjɯw riːʔ/ |
Transcriptions | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization | Jurye |
Transcriptions | |
---|---|
Romanization | Shurai |
The Rites of Zhou (
In comparison with other works of its type, the Rite's ruler, though a sage, does not create the state, but merely organizes a bureaucracy. It could not have been composed during the
Authorship
The book appeared in the middle of the 2nd century BC, when it was found and included in the collection of
In the 12th century, it was given special recognition by being placed among the
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following
Contents
The book is divided into six chapters:[5][6]
- Offices of the Heaven (天官冢宰) on general governance;
- Offices of Earth (地官司徒) on taxation and division of land;
- Offices of Spring (春官宗伯) on education as well as social and religious institutions;
- Offices of Summer (夏官司馬) on the army;
- Office of Autumn (秋官司寇) on justice;
- Office of Winter (冬官考工記) on population, territory, and agriculture.
The work consists mainly of schematic lists of Zhou dynasty bureaucrats, stating what the function of each office is and who is eligible to hold it. Sometimes though the mechanical listing is broken off by pieces of philosophical exposition on how a given office contributes to social harmony and enforces the universal order.
The division of chapters follows the six departments of the Zhou dynasty government. The bureaucrats within a department come in five ranks: minister (qing 卿), councilor (da fu 大夫), senior clerk (shang shi 上士), middle clerk (zhong shi 中士) and junior clerk (xia shi 下士). There is only one minister per department -the department head-, but the other four ranks all have multiple holders spread across various specific professions.
It was translated into French by Édouard Biot as Le Tcheou-Li ou Rites des Tcheou, traduit pour la première fois du Chinois in 1850 and a abridged English translation edition called Institutes of the Chow Dynasty Strung as Pearls by Hoo peih seang and translated by William Raymond Gingell in 1852.[7][8]
In addition to the Etiquette and Ceremonial, the Rites of Zhou contain one of the earliest references to the Three Obediences and Four Virtues, a set of principles directed exclusively at women that formed a core part of female education during the Zhou.[9]
Record of Trades
A part of the Winter Offices, the Record of Trades (
References
Citations
- ^ Benjamin Elman, Martin Kern 2010 p.17,41,137 Statecraft and Classical Learning: The Rituals of Zhou in East Asian History https://books.google.com/books?id=SjSwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41
- Dingxin Zhao 2015 p.72. The Confucian-Legalist State. https://books.google.com/books?id=wPmJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72
- ^ "Zhou Ritual Culture and its Rationalization" (PDF). Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ "Rites of Zhou - Classics of Confucianism". Cultural China. Shanghai News and Press Bureau. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ Theobald, Ulrich. "Chinese History - Zhou Period Literature, Thought, and Philosophy". China Knowledge. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ "Zhouli (Chinese ritual text)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ "Cultural Invigoration - Books". Taipei: National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院). Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ The Ceremonial Usages of the Chinese: B. C. 1121, as Prescribed in the "Institutes of the Chow Dynasty Strung as Pearls;" Or, Chow Le Kwan Choo ... Being an Abridgement of the Chow Le Classic. Smith, Elder, & Company. 1852.
- ^ Le Tcheou-li ou Rites des Tcheou traduit pour la première fois du chinois par feu Édouard Biot: Tome 1 (in French). Imprimerie nationale. 1851.
- ^ Kelleher (2005), p. 496.
- ISBN 978-0-8153-6738-3.
Sources
- Jin, Chunfeng (1993). New examinations on the composition of the Zhouguan and on the culture and age reflected in the classic. Taipei: Dongda Tushu Co. ISBN 957-19-1519-X.
- Lu, Youren (2001). "Summary on Zhouli". Journal of Henan Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition). Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2006-06-04.
Bibliography
- Boltz, William G., 'Chou li' in: Early Chinese Texts. A Bibliographical Guide (Loewe, Michael, ed.), pp. 24–32, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, 1993, (Early China Special Monograph Series No. 2), ISBN 1-55729-043-1.
- Kelleher, M. Theresa (2005). "San-ts'ung ssu-te". In Taylor, Rodney L.; Choy, Howard Y.F. (eds.). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. 2 N-Z. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 496.
- Karlgren, Bernhard, 'The Early History of the Chou li and Tso chuan Texts' in: Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquites, 3 (1931), pp. 1–59
- Nylan, Michael, The Five 'Confucian' Classics, New Haven (Yale University Press), 2001, ISBN 0-300-08185-5, Chapter 4, The Three Rites Canon pp. 168–202.
External links
- Rites of Zhou (in Chinese)
- Rites of Zhou (in French)