Robert Moffat (missionary)
Robert Moffat | |
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Personal | |
Born | 21 December 1795 Ormiston, East Lothian, Scotland |
Died | 9 August 1883 (aged 87) Leigh, Kent, England |
Religion | Methodist Episcopal Church |
Spouse | Mary Moffat |
Occupation | Missionary in Africa, author, teacher |
Signature |
Robert Moffat (21 December 1795 – 9 August 1883) was a
Family and early life
Moffat was born of humble parentage in Ormiston, in Scotland. Robert received an intermittent education.[1] In 1797 his father received an appointment in the Custom House at Portsoy. In 1806 Moffat's home was at Carronshore, on the Firth of Forth. At this time the family consisted of five sons and two daughters. Moffat's first teacher was William Mitchell, also known as "Wully Mitchell," who was the parish schoolmaster. He was considered a stern teacher and would rap Robert on the knuckles if he slacked off in his schooling.[2] Moffat's first instruction book was The Shorter Catechism, which contained the alphabet in its title page.[3] At an early age Moffat left school to work on a coasting vessel. He gave up his job at sea and returned to school, and at the age of eleven he took up residence with his older brother Alexander and attended six more months of school.[2][4]
Moffat began to appreciate a more liberal education, and managed his work schedule as to allow him to attend an evening class, where he began to Latin, and also acquired a rudimentary knowledge of applied geometry. During this apprenticeship he learned to use blacksmith's tools, which would later prove to be of value to him. After work he took up practicing and became skilled on the violin, which he would later become known for during his years in Africa.[5][6][7]
At the age of sixteen, Moffat found employment in the gardens of the Earl of Moray at
Moffat's mother read to him stories of the courage of the Moravian and other early missionaries. This is when he received his first aspirations towards a missionary career. The thought and desire of actually going abroad as a missionary, however, did not occur until after his conversion, which occurred when he reached twenty years of age.[11] In 1813 he secured a post in the gardens of Charles Legh, at High Legh in Cheshire, and after bidding goodbye to his mother, who .made him promise to read a chapter of the Bible morning and evening.[6]
Robert and
In 1825 Mary had lost an infant son who died at only five days old. Soon after she was informed by one of the native missionary workers that an infant native baby, whose mother had just died, was customarily buried under some rocks at a nearby hillside. Alarmed, Mary demanded, "show me the place". She was led to a hillside, carefully removed the rocks, and found the five week old infant crying. Grief-stricken she embraced the infant and brought it home. Her husband Robert, wondering why his wife had not attended services that day, came home to find that Mary had steadfastly adopted the child. Asking what they would name the child, Robert suggested Sarah. Mary added, "and Roby", after the woman who had informed Mary of the infant's plight. The child was subsequently christened, Sarah Roby.[14]
Missionary career
Background: In January, 1806, the long Orange River which traverses Namibia and South Africa was first crossed by missionaries of the London Missionary Society, for the purpose of doing missionary work and preaching the Gospel among the inhabitants of a wild and desolate region, often subjected to drought and subsequent food shortages, compounded by frequent tribal wars. Before the missionaries arrived the peoples of this region were often subjected to the plights of European sailors and opportunists which overall effected a hatred and mistrust towards any white man (called "hat-wearers" by the inhabitants). Through their persistence the missionaries were in large measure able to overcome such indifference and won their trust through their missionary efforts.[15]
By September 1816, Moffat was formally commissioned at Surrey Chapel, Southwark in London as a missionary of LMS (on the same day as John Williams) and was sent out to South Africa.[16] He made the eight-six day voyage from England to Capt Town aboard the sailing ship Alacrity, arriving in the sweltering heat of January, which was midsummer in South Africa.[17] His fiancée, Mary Smith (1795–1870), was able to join him three years later.[16]
In 1817 Moffat earned a name for himself when he managed to convert to Christianity Jager Afrikaner, who previously was a notorious bandit and cattle rustler who often terrorized other tribes. Through the appeals and efforts of Moffat, Jager was subsequently baptized and assumed the name of Christian Afrikaner.[18][9]
Moffat and his wife left the Cape in 1820 and proceeded to
During a tribal war, before learning the Sechwana language, Moffat intervened and established peace between the two waring tribes, which earned him gratitude among the native peoples and acclaim and notoriety among his missionary colleagues, both in Africa and in England.[22] Moffat journeyed along the Kolong river, and found large groups of attentive readers who were in great want of books, which he could hardly supply. He came upon a village, one hundred and fifty miles from Kuruman, where a chief named Mosheu and his people resided. Mosheu had formally visited the Kuruman mission previously.[23] Here Moffat preached three times to this tribe on the first day. At the gatherings Moffat answered questions to a people who reportedly were anxious to learn to read, reciting over and again what they had heard. Mosheu generously had given Moffat and his congregation a sheep the evening before, and the wives of the tribesmen took made efforts to provide milk. To meet their wants Moffat distributed spelling books among them.[24] Moffat made great progress in introducing Christianity to the people in this region. Chief Mosheu brought his daughter to Mrs. Moffat for instruction, and his brother brought his son for the same purpose.[25]
Construction for a place of worship began in 1830 with the laying of a foundation, but Moffat had great difficulty in securing the lumber needed for its construction, and subsequently the church was not completed until several years later.[26]
In 1938 Moffat published his work, Scenes and Adventures in Africa in four editions over three years. The work comprehensively described the living conditions, hardships, customs of the people, and wild life in southern Africa. Through his work Moffat became the best known missionary in Britain.[9][27]
Translating and printing the Bible
One of Moffat's foremost efforts in his missionary work was spreading the word of the Gospel among the native peoples in southern Africa. To accomplish this feat he had to learn the Sechuana language language, involving several years of study with the help of various translators [16].As a translator Moffat was an admirer of Johannes van der Kemp, (1747-1811)[d] who was gifted in his ability to learn and translate African languages, and one of the first of three pioneers of the London Missionary Society in southern Africa who learned and translated native languages.[29]
Among Moffat's first such efforts were the translation of the Westminster Catechism, small portions of Scripture and many hymns of the Reformation, which were prepared and sent to Cape Town in 1825, but to Moffat's disappointment, they were mistakenly sent to England after they had been printed. Moffat also wrote the first Christian hymn in Sechwana.[30][31] By 1829 Moffat had translated his first book of the Bible, the Gospel of Luke, into the Sechuana language]]. At this time, however, he was also spending much of his time constructing a roof on a very large church structure, and with little free time on his hands, he was finally able to complete the translation.[16]
Eager to have his manuscript printed and distributed, Moffat embarked for Cape Town to have it printed, traveling in covered wagon pulled by oxen With him on the journey was his wife Mary and their two young daughters, Mary and Ann, ages nine and seven respectively, who were to be placed in school in
After years of great effort involved in translating and printing, Moffat was weary and worn out with his work at his simple printing press. He had been away from England for twenty-two years, while his African born children had never seen Scotland or England. His doctors had warned him that was near the point of
Final years
Failing health and domestic trouble back in England persuaded Moffat to finally leave his missionary efforts in Africa and embarked for England on June 10, 1870, where he was warmly received by family, friends and admirers.[41] Now in England, Moffat was honored at a meeting of "an unusually interesting character", conducted by the London Missionary Society, held August 1, 1870, attended by veteran missionaries at the Board-room of the London Mission House. Also a guest of honor was William Beynon of India. Here Moffat was commended for his long devoted missionary service in Africa, and in particular, for converting the notorious bandit, Jager Afrikaner, into a Christian.[42]
Not long after his wife Mary died at Brixton in January 1871.[43] For the last twelve years of his life, Robert spoke throughout England, seeking to raise interest in the mission work in African, and overall. He was presented to Queen Victoria twice at her request and was presented with a Doctor of Divinity degree from Edinburgh University.[41]
When David Livingston, Moffat's son in law, died in 1873, Moffat went to Southampton to identify the remains, which arrived from Africa months after his passing. Thereafter he attended Livingstone's funeral in Westminster Abbey.[44] On June 9, 1877,. Molfat was given the honor of laying the memorial stone of the Livingstone Memorial Medical Institution in Cowgate, Edinburgh, a ceremony that was attended by a large gathering of admirers.[45]
Robert Moffat died at Leigh, near Tunbridge Wells, on 9 August 1883, at the age of eighty-two, and is buried at West Norwood Cemetery. A memorial monument, paid for by public subscription, was erected at his birthplace in 1885.[4][46]
Legacy
Moffat's fifty-four years of missionary service, which produced the Bible in the Sechuana language, has been widely acclaimed by the London Bible Society, the predominately Christian population of southern Africa, and in many other Christian circles.[47]
- Residents of High Legh organise a Robert Moffat Memorial 10 km run beginning and ending at his cottage.
- His printing work in Kuruman was supported by an iron hand press that was brought to Natal in 1825 and taken to Kuruman in 1831. Rev. Moffat used it until 1870 when he retired, after which it was taken over by William Aston and A J Gould and was in use until about 1882. In 1918 it was taken to the Kimberley Public Library where it remained[48] until it was returned to the Moffat Mission in Kuruman in 1996. It is back in occasional use printing commemorative documents.[49]
Works
- Moffat, Robert (1826). A Bechuana Catechism, with Translations of the Third Chapter of the Gospel by John, The Lord's Prayer and Other Passages of Scripture.
- —— (1830). Evangelia kotsa mahuku a molemo a kuariloeng ki Luka. (In Sechwana)
- —— (1831). Lihela tsa tuto le puluko tsa Yesu Kereste. (In Sechwana)
- —— (1838). Lihela tsa tihelo ea Morimo; tse ri kuariloeng mo puong ea Secuana. (In Sechwana)
- —— (1842). Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa. J. Snow.
- —— (1843). Lihela tsa tihélo ea Morimo. (In Sechwana)
- —— (1846) [1842]. Scenes and Adventures in Africa. Presbyterian Board of Publication. 1842 Publication 1843 Publication 1844 Publication
- —— (1846). The Gospel Among the Bechuanas and Other Tribes of Southern Africa. American Sunday-School Union.
- —— (1869). The White Foreigners from over the Water.
- From 1829 to 1860 Moffat kept a journal, known as The Matabele journals of Robert Moffat, edited by J.P.R. Wallis Salisbury, National Archives of Rhodesia, which delineates Moffat's travels and experiences while in Matabeleland, South Province of Zimbabwe. Its original publication is considered a rarity. It was also published in 1945 and 1976. Its January 2009 publication and reproduction can be obtained via the Cambridge University Press. [50]
See also
- William Taylor (missionary) — Renown Methodist missionary and later Bishop (1889–1896) in South Africa in the 1860s.
- John McKendree Springer (1873–1963) — Methodist missionary Bishop (1936-1944) in Africa
- Alfred Saker (1814-1880) — 19th century Missionary in Africa
- Alexander Murdoch Mackay (1849-1890) — 19th century missionary in Uganga
- The Historical Background to Church Activities in Zambia
- School of Oriental and African Studies(in London)
Notes
- ^ "Sechuana, which is the spelling Moffat uses throughout his works, is also spelled "Setwasana" or Twasana ", generally spoken by the native peoples in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana.
- ^ The London Missionary Society was the first British society to enter the South African field. to become an overseas missionary.[10]
- ^ Today the religion in South Africa, and in neighboring Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe is predominately Christian. See: Religion in South Africa, Freedom of religion in Botswana, Religion in Namibia and Religion in Zimbabwe.
- ^ Moffat wrote at length about Johannes van der Kemp in his 1842 publication, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, covering van der Kemp's twelve years in South Africa.[28]
Citations
- ^ a b Elbourne, 2004, p.495
- ^ a b c J. Moffat, 1885, p.2
- ^ a b Deane, 1880, pp. 18-19
- ^ a b Smith, 1921, pp. 544-548
- ^ Wilder, 1887, p. 10
- ^ a b Northcott, 1961, p. 18
- ^ Hubbard, 1917, p. 15
- ^ Clinton, 1958, p. 9
- ^ a b c d Ross, 1998, pp. 464-465
- ^ Du Plessis, 1911, p. 99
- ^ Du Plessis, 1911, p. 154
- ^ Moffat, Robert, Jr., 1864
- ^ National Galleries of Scotland
- ^ Clinton, 1958, pp. 58-59
- ^ Moffat, 1846, pp. 18-19
- ^ a b c d e Deane, 1880, p. 142
- ^ Clinton, 1958, p. 15
- ^ Deane, 1880, p. 16
- ^ Sunday School Times, Summer Quarter, 2006, p. 156
- ^ Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John L. (1989) The colonization of consciousness in South Africa. Economy and Society. 18(3): 267-296.
- ^ Western-Holt, 1954, p. 57
- ^ Hammond, 2002, p. 87
- ^ Moffatt, 1846, p., 270-271
- ^ Deane, 1880, p. 99
- ^ Moffat, 1846, pp. 99-100, 279, 279
- ^ Davidson, 1926, p. 51
- ^ Moffat, 1842
- ^ Moffat, 1842, Chapter II, III
- ^ Mkenda, 2018, p. 60
- ^ Hammond, 2002, p. 87
- ^ Moffat, 1844, p. 296
- ^ Northcott, 1961, pp. 2-3, 124-126
- ^ Morrison, 1922, p. 42
- ^ Davidson, 1926, p. 51
- ^ Northcott, 1961, pp. 2-3, 123-126
- ^ Morrison, 1922, p. 43
- ^ Clinton, 1958, pp. 78-79
- ^ R.H.V., Dictionary of American Biography, p. 546
- ^ Deane, 1880, p. 118
- ^ Mkenda, 2018, p. 70
- ^ a b Hubbard, 1917, pp.285-286
- ^ Chronicle of the London Missionary Society, 1870, p. 184
- ^ R.H.V. 1921, p. 547
- ^ Smith, 1921, pp. 547
- ^ Walters, 1885, p. 219
- ^ Elbourne, 2004, p.500
- ^ Deane, 1880, p. 118
- ^ Bradlow, 1987, pp. 11, 35
- ^ Gilley, Lawrence C. (February 1997). "Letters from Mozambique: Press". Balaza, Maxixe, Mozambique. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ Cambridge University Press, 1979
Bibliography
- Bradlow, Frank Rosslyn (1987). Printing for Africa : the story of Robert Moffat and the Kurman Press. ISBN 0-620-11489-4.
- Clinton, Iris (1958). Friend of the chiefs : the story of Robert Moffat. London: Lutterworth Press.
- Davidson, Norman J. (1926). Moffat of Africa : a zealous missionary & a brave pioneer. New York: George H. Doran.
- Deane, David J (1880). Robert Moffat : the missionary hero of Kuruman. New York: F.H. Revell.
- Du Plessis, Johannes (1911). A history of Christian missions in South Africa. London: Longmans Green.
- Elbourne, Elizabeth (2004). Matthew, Henry Colin Gray (ed.). Robert Moffat — Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XXXVIII. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 495–501.
- Field, Claud (1908). Heroes of missionary enterprise. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Co.
- Hammond, Peter (2002). The greatest century of missions. Cape Town, South Africa: Christian Liberty Books. pp. 86–88. ISBN 978-0-95845-4919.
- Livingston, David (1858). Missionary travels and researches in South Africa. New York: Harper & Brothers.
- Livingstone, David (1912). Livingstone, the pathfinder. New York: Missionary education movement of the United States and Canada.
- Mkenda, Festo (2018). "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa". Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa, 2018. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctvbqs62t.6.
- Moffat, John Smith. (1885). Lives of Robert and Mary Moffat.
- Moffat, Robert Jr. (1864). The "standard-alphabet" problem, or, The preliminary subject of a general phonic system. London : Trübner ; Cape Town : J.C. Juta.
- Moffat, John Smith (1915). The life of Robert Moffat of South Africa : founded on the biography. Vol. II. Cincinnati, Ohio: Revivalist Press.
- Morrison, James (1922). The missionary heroes of Africa. New York: George H. Doran company.
- Mullens, Joseph, ed. (1870). The Chronicle of the London Missionary Society, 1870. London Missionary Society.
- London Missionary Society (1890). The Chronicle of the London Missionary Society, 1890. London Missionary Society.
- Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1883). Moffat, Robert: The American Cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. New York, London, D. Appleton and company. p. 692.
- Ross, Andrew C. (1998). Biographical dictionary of Christian missions. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
- Smith, George (1921–1923). The Dictionary of National Biography, v13: Robert Moffat. Vol. XIII. Messrs. Spottiswoode & Co.
- "Lorella Rouster, Testimonies of Faith, "Steady in All Circumstances--Robert and Mary Moffatt". Sunday School Times/Gospel Herald. Cleveland, OH. Summer 2006.
- R.H.V. (1921). Moffat, Robert: Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. XIII. Oxford University Press. pp. 544–548.
- "Robert Moffat (1795 - 1883), John Mokoteri and Sarah Roby (b. 1826)". National Galleries of Scotland. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- J. P. R. Wallis. Salisbury (ed.). "The Matabele Journals of Robert Moffat, 1829–1860". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
Further reading
- Butler, Alan (1987). Kuruman Moffat Mission. Kuruman Moffat Mission Trust, Kuruman.
- Clinton, Iris (1958). Friend of the chiefs : the story of Robert Moffat. London: Lutterworth Press.
- Home, C. S. (1894). The Story of the L. M. S.
- Hubbard, Ethel Daniels (1917). The Moffats. New York: Missionary education movement of the United States and Canada.
- Northcott, Cecil (1961). Robert Noffat: Pioneer in Africa. New York: Harper & Brothers.
- Western-Holt, J. C (1954). Robert Moffat. London: Oliphants.
- Walters, William (1885). Life and Labours of Robert Moffat, D.D., Missionary in South Africa.
- Wilder, M. L. (1887). Memoir of Robert Moffat, missionary to South Africa. New York; Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company.
- The Chronicle of the London Missionary Society, 1890. London Missionary Society: Sold by John Snow & Co. 1890.
- Smith, Edwin William (1925). Robert Moffat, one of God's Gardeners. London : Church Missionary Society.