American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) was among the first American Christian missionary organizations. It was created in 1810 by recent graduates of Williams College. In the 19th century it was the largest and most important of American missionary organizations and consisted of participants from Protestant Reformed traditions such as Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and German Reformed churches.
Before 1870, the ABCFM consisted of Protestants of several denominations, including Congregationalists and Presbyterians. However, due to secessions caused by the issue of slavery and by the fact that
The American Board (as it was frequently known) continued to operate as a largely Congregationalist entity until the 1950s. In 1957, the
Other organizations that draw inspiration from the ABCFM include InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, and the Missionary Society of the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches.
Organization and functioning
The ABCFM conducted an annual meeting with a
The ABCFM held its first meeting on September 5, 1810, and elected Samuel Worcester as corresponding secretary.
Corresponding Secretaries and other key leaders
- Samuel Worcester was the first corresponding secretary, starting in 1810.
- Jeremiah Evarts, corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1821 to 1831[3]
- At the 1822 annual meeting, board members elected officers: Evarts as corresponding secretary, John Treadwell as president, and Rev. Joseph Lyman as vice president. The Prudential Committee consisted of William Reed, Rev. Leonard Woods, Jeremiah Evarts, Samuel Hubbard, and Rev. Warren Fay.[4]
- Elias Cornelius became corresponding secretary, serving Dec 1831 – February 1832 (his death)[5]
- Benjamin B. Wisner, Rufus Anderson (1796–1880) and David Greene (1797–1866) became "coequal" secretaries in 1832. When Wisner died (February 9, 1835), William Jessup Armstrong took his place.[6]
- Anderson, Greene, and Armstrong led as coequals from 1835 to 1846, with Anderson as foreign secretary, Armstrong as domestic secretary, and David Greene as secretary for American Indian missions and editor of the Missionary Herald[7] Rufus Anderson continued as foreign secretary until 1866. Armstrong died in a shipwreck between Boston and New Jersey in 1846.
- Selah B. Treat was elected in 1843 as recording secretary. Rufus Anderson, Rev. David Greene, and Rev. William J. Armstrong were listed as "Secretaries for Correspondence." (President and vice president were listed respectively as Theodore Frelinghuysen LL. D. and Hon. Thomas S. Williams)[8]
- By 1858, George Warren Wood was sole corresponding secretary, with Rev. Mark Hopkins as President and abolitionist William Jessup as Vice-President.[9] Hopkins had been the President of Williams College since 1836.
- By 1866, Rev. Nathan George Clark and Rev G. W. Wood had joined Rufus Anderson and Selah Treat as corresponding secretaries.[10] Wood, as ABCFM Secretary in New York City, held his position from 1850 to 1871. Clark assumed the position of Foreign Secretary when Anderson left in 1866 and remained Foreign Secretary until 1894.[11][12]
- Note: After some secessions due to the slavery issue and the movement of Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the ABCFM was left as a Congregationalist body after 1870.[1]
- In 1896, James Levi Barton became secretary when N.G. Clark died,[13] and he retired in 1927.[14]
- In 1899, James L. Barton, Judson Smith, and Charles H. Daniels are the three Corresponding Secretaries of the ABCFM according to The Congregational Yearbook. It also lists Charles M. Lamson and D. Willis James as ABCFM president and vice president, respectively.[15]
- James Levi Barton as associate secretary and corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1921 to 1932.[16]
- Note: After 1930, the ABCFM revised its constitution to create the position of "Executive Vice-President" to provide a position that was "first among equals" amongst ABCFM secretaries.[17]
- Dr. Frank Field Goodsell was the first Executive Vice-President of the ABCFM, which he led from 1930 to 1948.[18]
- Alford Carleton served as executive vice president of the board from 1954 to 1970.
- Note: when the Congregational Christian Church in 1957, the Congregationalist-affiliated ABCFM merged with the E&R affiliated Board of International Missions[19] to become the United Church of Christ denomination's United Church Board of World Ministries under Carleton[20] On June 29, 1961, the ABCFM formally concluded. On July 1, 2000, a UCC restructure renamed UCBWM became "Wider Church Ministries" under the UCC's covenanted ministries structure.[21]
Board members
In 1826, the American Board absorbed 26 members of the United Foreign Missionary Society (UFMS) into its board.[22]
Early history
In 1812, the ABCFM sent its first missionaries –
.The fight against Indian removal
Jeremiah Evarts served as treasurer, 1812–20, and as corresponding secretary from 1821 until his death in 1831. Under his leadership, the board in 1821 expanded the role of women: it authorized Ellen Stetson, the first unmarried female missionary to the American Indians, and Betsey Stockton, the first unmarried female overseas missionary and the first African-American missionary.[24]
Evarts led the organization's efforts to place missionaries with American Indian tribes in the Southeastern United States. He also led the ABCFM's extensive fight against Indian removal policies in general and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 in particular.[25]
1830 through 1860
By the 1830s, based on its experiences, the ABCFM prohibited unmarried people from entering the mission field. They required couples to have been engaged at least two months prior to setting sail. To help the missionaries find wives, they maintained a list of women who were "missionary-minded": "young, pious, educated, fit and reasonably good-looking."[26] The policy against sending single women as missionaries was not strictly followed and was reversed in 1868. The secretary post was offered to Elias Cornelius in October 1831, but he became ill and died in February 1832.[27] Rufus Anderson was the General Secretary of the Board from 1832 through the mid-1860s. His legacy included administrative gifts, setting of policy, visiting around the world, and chronicling the work of the ABCFM in books.
Between 1810 and 1840, the ABCFM sought firstly to proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ. At home and abroad, the Board and its supporters undertook every effort to exhort the evangelical community, to train a cadre of agents, and to send forth laborers into the mission field. As a leader in the United Front and early federal American voluntary associations, the Board influenced the nineteenth-century mission movement.[28]
Missionary stations in 1855
By 1850, the American Board had sent 157 ordained, male missionaries to foreign posts.[29]
The January 1855 issue of the Missionary Herald[30] listed the Current missions of the Board as follow:
Africa
- Mission to Gaboon (Nomba)
- Mission to Zulus ( station)
- Mission to Angola (Chilesso station)
Europe
- Mission to Greece (Athens station)
- Mission to Jews (Thessalonica)
Western Asia
- Mission to Armenians ( station)
- Mission to Syria ()
- Mission to Diarbekir station, and an out-station at Hainee)
- Mission to )
Southern Asia
- Mission to Bombaystation)
- Mission to Ahmednagar (American Marathi Mission )
- Mission to Satara (Mahabulishwarstation)
- Mission to Kolapoorstation)
- Mission to Madras ( Black Townstation)
- Mission to Madura (Madura East station, Madura Fort station, Dindiguel East station, Dindiguel West station, Periacoolum station, Tirumungalum station, Pasumalie station, Mandahasalie station, Tirupoovanum station, and Sivagungastation)
- Panditeripo station, Chavagacherry station, Oodoopitty station, Varany station, and outstations at Caradive, Valany, Poongerdive, Kaits, and Atchoovaley
Eastern Asia
- Mission to Canton (Canton station)
- Mission to Amoy (Amoystation)
- Mission to Fuh-Chau (Fuzhou station)
- Mission to Shanghai (Shanghai station)
- Mission to Hong Kong/South China (Hong Kong and Canton stations)
North Pacific Ocean
- Mission to Micronesia (Rono Kittie station (Ascension Island), Shalong Point station (Ascension Island), Strong's Island station)
- Mission to Hawaii ( station)
- Mission to Wailukustation)
- Mission to Molokai (Kaluaaha station)
- Mission to Kaneohestation)
- Mission to Waiolistation)
North American Indians
- Mission to Choctaws (Stockbridge station, Wheelock station, Pine Ridge station, Good Water station, Good Land station, Bennington station, Mount Pleasant station, Lenox station, and outstations at Mount Zion and Bok Chito
- Mission to Cherokees (Dwight station, Lee's Creek station, Fairfield station, Park Hill station, and an outstation at Honey Creek)
- Mission to Dakotas (Yellow Medicine station and New Hope station) Also Lake Harriet, Shakopee, Lac Qui Parle stations.
- Mission to Ojibwas (Bad River station) (Also...[Leech Lake 1832-1843][LaPointe Mission 1830-1850] [Yellow Lake Mission 1833-1836] [Sandy Lake Mission 1832-1833] [Pokegama Mission 1836-1846 (on Snake River in Minnesota] [Red Lake Mission 1843-1848 in conjunction with Western Evangelical Mission Association] [Bad River/Odanah 1846-abt 1878; mission was taken over by Presbyterian Missions in 1870s])
- Mission to Senecas (Upper Cattaraugus station, Lower Cattaraugus station, Upper Alleghany station, Lower Alleghany station, and an outstation at Old Town)
- Mission to Tuscaroras (Tuscarora station and Mount Hope station)
- Mission to Abenaquis (St. Francis station)
Recruitment efforts
Orthodox,
After having listened to such sermons and been influenced at colleges, college and seminary students prepared to proclaim the gospel in foreign cultures. Their short dissertations and pre-departure sermons reflected both the outlook of annual Board sermons and sensitivity to host cultures. Once the missionaries entered the field, optimism remained yet was tempered by the realities of pioneering mission work in a different milieu. Many of the Board agents sought—through eclectic dialogue and opportunities as they presented themselves, as well as itinerant preaching—to bring the cultures they met, observed, and lived in to bear upon the message they shared. The missionaries found the audiences to be similar to Americans in their responses to the gospel message. Some rejected it outright, others accepted it, and a few became Christian proclaimers themselves.
Other North American Missions to the Indians
Among the North American missions of the ABCFM north or west of the displaced Southeast tribes were the 1823 Mackinaw Mission (Mackinac Island and Northern Michigan), the Green Bay mission (Michigan Territory at Green Bay), the Dakota mission (Michigan Territory/Iowa Territory/Minnesota Territory primarily along the Mississippi and the Minnesota (St. Peters) Rivers), the Ojibwe mission (Michigan Territory/Wisconsin Territory/Minnesota Territory/ Wisconsin at La Pointe and Odanah, Yellow Lake, Pokegama Lake, Sandy Lake, Fond du Lac, and Red Lake), and the Whitman mission in Oregon.
Missionaries of the Dakota mission experienced the explosion of Dakota violence in August 1862 at the start of the U.S.-Dakota War. Some of them attended the imprisoned Dakota and accompanied the exiled Dakota when they were forced out of Minnesota in 1863, especially those of the Williamson and Riggs families.
The Dakota mission translated the Bible into Dakota and produced a dictionary and a schoolbook. The Ojibwe mission translated the New Testament into Ojibwe and produced a number of schoolbooks, but used a now-abandoned notation style to do so. Both were among the first to render these languages in print.
Work with indigenous preachers
Indigenous preachers associated with the Board proclaimed an orthodox message, but they further modified the presentation beyond how the missionaries had developed subtle differences with the home leaders. Drawing upon the positive and negative aspects of their own cultures, the native
Native preachers and other indigenous people assisted Board missionaries in Bible translation efforts. The act of translating the Scriptures into a mother tongue reflected a sensitivity to culture and a desire to work within the host society. Second only to the verbal proclamation of the Gospel, Bible translation took place in all sorts of settings: among ancient Christian churches, such as the
Educational, social, and medical roles served by ABCFM missionaries
Printing and literacy played crucial roles in the process of Bible translation. Similarly, the press runs and literacy presentations contributed significantly to the social involvement exhibited by the Board. To a greater or lesser extent, education, medicine, and social concerns supplemented the preaching efforts by missionaries. Schools provided ready-made audiences for preachers. Free, or
Education empowered indigenous people.[
ABCFM in China
After the
The American Board followed with many other appointments in rapid succession. Revs.
At Tengzhou missionaries established a college, over which Dr.
At its principal stations in China, the Society maintained large medical dispensaries and hospitals, boarding schools for boys and girls, colleges for native students, and other agencies for effecting the purposes of the mission. It also helped create the Canton Hospital. As of 1890 it had twenty-eight missionaries, sixteen lady agents, ten medical missionaries, four ordained native ministers, one hundred and five unordained native helpers, nearly one thousand communicants, and four hundred and fifty pupils in its schools.[32]
ABCFM in the Middle East
The ABCFM founded many colleges and schools in the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans.[33] For example, the American College of Sofia in Bulgaria is the successor to a Boys' School founded by the ABCFM in 1860 in Plovdiv and a Girls' School in Stara Zagora in 1863. They were combined in Samokov, Bulgaria in 1871, and moved to Sofia in the late 1920s.[34]
Missionaries sponsored by ABCFM, listed by location
Africa
- Theresa Robinson Buck (1912–1965), nurse missionary in Southern Rhodesia
- Mary Floyd Cushman (1870–1965), Chilesso, Angola (1922 to 1953)
- James Bennett McCord (1870-1950), Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- William Cullen Wilcox (1850–1928) with wife Ida Belle Clary Wilcox (1858–1940), Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (1881 to 1887); they arranged for Black South Africans to own land, and as a result they were driven out of South Africa in 1918.
Europe
- Jonas King (1792–1869), Athens, Greece
- Reuben H. Markham (1887–1949), Samokov in Sofia, Bulgaria
- North Macedonia (formally European Turkey) (1888 to 1920)[35]
Western Asia
- Caroline C. Bush (1847–1919) Harpoot, Ottoman Empire[36]
- Thomas Davidson Christie (1843–1931) Central Turkey (1877 to 1920)
- Joseph Gallup Cochran (1817–1871), with wife Deborah Wilson Plumb, Urmia and Seir, Qajar Iran[37]
- Oliver Crane (1822-1896), Turkey
- Nancy Jane Dean (1837–1926), Urmia, Qajar Iran
- Wilson Amos Farnsworth (1822–1912) with wife Caroline Elizabeth Palmer (1825–1913), Caesarea, Ottoman Empire (1854 to 1903)[38][39]
- Fidelia Fisk (1816–1864), Urmia, Qajar Iran
- William Goodell (1792–1867) Beirut, Lebanon (Syria)
- Mary Louise Graffam (1871–1921), Sivas, Ottoman Empire
- Asahel Grant (1807–1844), with wife Judith Grant, Urmia, Qajar Iran (1835 to ?); the first American to reside in Iran.
- Justin Perkins (1805–1869), with wife Charlotte Bass, mission to Urmia, Qajar Iran (1835 to ?); the first American to reside in Iran.
- Corinna Shattuck (1848–1910), Urfa, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
- Clarence Ussher (1870–1955), Van, Ottoman Empire
- Mary E. Van Lennep (1821–1844), Istanbul (Constantinople), Ottoman Empire
- George E. White (1861–1946), Marsovan, Ottoman Empire
Southern Asia
- Dan Beach Bradley (1804–1873), Thailand (Siam)
- Cynthia Farrar (1795–1862), Mumbai (Bombay) and Ahmednagar, India (1827 to 1862)
- Gordon Hall (1784–1826), Mumbai (Bombay)
- Asa Hemenway (1810–1892) with wife Lucia Hunt Hemenway (1810–1864), Thailand (Siam) (1839 to 1850)[42][43]
- Adoniram Judson (August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850), first U.S. missionary to Myanmar (Burma)
- the Scudder family of missionaries in India
- Miron Winslow (1789–1864), Sri Lanka
Eastern Asia
- William Scott Ament (1851–1909), controversial missionary to China
- Elijah Coleman Bridgman (1801–1861), first U.S. missionary to China
- Peter Parker (physician) (1804-1888), Canton, China (1834 to 1847)
- Dyer Ball (1796-1866), Singapore (1838 to 1841)/Hong Kong (1843 to 1845)/Canton, China (1845 to 1866)
- Mary Frances Buckhout McVay (1910–2010) Wen Shan Girls School, IngTai (Yongtai), China (1939 to 1941)[44]
- Sidney Lewis Gulick (1860–1945) Kyoto, Japan
- Luella Miner, (1861-1935) Beijing, China
- James Hudson Roberts (1851–1945), Beijing and Zhangjiakou, China
- Albert Shelton (1875-1922), Batang, Tibet
- Arthur Henderson Smith (1845–1932), 54 years in China
- Daniel Vrooman (1818–1895) Canton, China (1852 to 1866)
- Charles Daniel Tenney, (1857–1930), China
- Lucy Bement (1868–1940), China
- Charles Robert Hager (1851-1917), Hong Kong/Canton, China (1883 to 1910)
- Charles Adolous Nelson (1860-1951), Canton, China (1892 to 1922)
North Pacific Ocean
- Lorrin Andrews (1795–1868), Lahaina, Hawaii
- Richard Armstrong (1805–1860), Maui and Oahu
- Hiram Bingham I (1789–1869), Honolulu, Hawaii
- Haili Church, Hilo, Hawaii
- Charles McEwen Hyde (1832–1899), Honolulu, Oahu
- Haili Church, Hilo, Hawaii
- Imiola Church, Hawaii
- Betsey Stockton (c. 1798–1865), former slave, Lāhainā, Maui (Sandwich Islands) (1822 to 1825)
- Asa Thurston (1787–1868), Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
North American Indians
- Daniel Sabin Butrick (1789–1851), Cherokee Nation (1810s to 1850s)
- John Dunbar (1804–1857), Pawnee Indians
- William Montague Ferry (1796–1867), Mackinaw Mission, Michigan Territory
- Stephen Return Riggs (1812–1883), Dakota people (1837 to 1883)
- Cephas Washburn (1793–1860), Cherokee Nation (1818 to 1850)
- nations, Oregon
- Samuel Worcester, missionary to Cherokee Nation 1820s–50s
Indigenous workers affiliated with the Board
- Babajee (b. 1791)
- Liang Fa (1789–1855)
- David Malo (1795–1853)
- Henry Opukahaia (c. 1792–1818; also known as ʻŌpūkahaʻia)
- Puaaiki (c. 1785–1844)
- Asaad Shidiak (c. 1797–c. 1832; also known as Asaad Esh Shidiak)
- Joel Hulu Mahoe (1830–1890) second full-Hawaiian to be ordained.
- Henry Blatchford, of the Ojibwe mission did translations and lay preaching beginning at Pokegama (Minnesota) in 1836, was ordained eventually and worked at the Odanah mission until he died in the late 19th century.
- Abdullah Abdul Kadir (1797-1854), known as "Munshi Abdullah", was a Malayan scholar and translator under the employ of Alfred North, an ABCFM missionary stationed in Singapore.
See also
- American Ceylon Mission
- Dan Beach Bradley (Siam, 1834, resigned 1847)
- Haystack Prayer Meeting
- History of Christian missions
- Oberlin Band (China)
- Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century
- List of American Board missionaries in China
- List of Missionaries to Hawaii
References
- ^ a b "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions archives, 1810–1961: Guide". Houghton Library, Harvard College Library. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 US. July 7, 2016. Archived from the original on September 6, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
After some secessions due to the slavery issue and the formation by the Presbyterian Church of its own foreign mission board, the ABCFM was left as a Congregationalist body after 1870.
- ^ Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). "THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS". Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
"The ABCFM held its first meeting on 5 September 1810, and elected Samuel Worcester corresponding secretary." ... The Prudential Committee (the Executive Committee of the ABCFM)
- ^ Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). "THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS". Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jeremiah Evarts, corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1821 to 1831,
- ^ The Missionary Herald (Volume XVIII, No. 11 (November 1822) ed.). Boston: Samuel T. Armstrong. 1822. p. 338. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
The Board then made choice of the following officers, for the ensuing year...
- ^ Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). "THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS". Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Elias Cornelius (1794–1832) accepted the position of corresponding secretary late in December 1831, left almost immediately on a fund raising tour, and died at Hartford, 12 February 1832
- ^ Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). "THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS". Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ^ Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). "THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS". Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
"From 1835 to 1846 the Board had a period of stable leadership under the direction of Anderson, Greene, and Armstrong. In the division of labor of three co-equal secretaries, Rufus Anderson was foreign secretary, Benjamin Wisner and then William Armstrong were domestic secretaries, and David Greene was secretary for American Indian missions and editor of the Missionary Herald
- ^ Missionary Herald, Volume 39. Boston: Press of Crocker and Brewster. 1843. p. 429. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ^ The New York State Register, for 1858. New York City: John Disturnell. 1858. p. 179. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
N/A
- ^ The Missionary Herald. Vol. 62. Boston: ABCFM. June 1866. p. 2. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ^ Public Opinion: A Comprehensive Summary of Press Throughout the World on All Important Current Topics. Vol. 20. New York City: The Public Opinion Company. January 16, 1896. p. 83.
In 1866 he was appointed foreign secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, a position which he retained until October, 1894
- ISBN 978-1-135-93620-4. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-135-93620-4.
- ^ "Barton, James Levi (1855-1936)". History of Missiology. Boston University School of Theology. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
He was elected president of Euphrates College, Harpoot, in 1892, but when his wife's ill health prevented continuing residence in Turkey, Barton became foreign secretary of the ABCFM. First among equals on the board staff, Barton believed that the primary need of indigenous Christian communities was well-trained leadership. Before his retirement in 1927,
- ^ The Congregational Year-book. Boston: Congregational sunday School and Publishing Society. 1899. p. 42. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-313-25341-6.)
"Riggs graduated.. and was ordained in 1910... president of Euphrates College from 1910 to 1921, child welfare director of the Near East Relief in 1920–1921; and associate secretary and corresponding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) from 1921 to 1932.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Goodsell, Fred Field (1959). You Shall be My Witnesses: An Interpretation of the history of the American Board 1810–1960 (Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 59-15355 ed.). ABCFM. p. viii. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
the Board's first Executive Vice-President Dr. Fred Field Goodsell"..."When the Constitution of the Board was revised to provide that among its secretaries one should be first among equals, a sort of Prime Minister... That man was Dr. Goodsell... he was called back to Boston to lead the Board... For nineteen years"
- ^ "Goodsell, Fred Field (1880–1976). Papers, 1928–1972 (bulk)". History Matters. Congregational Library & Archives. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
In 1930, he moved to Boston where he was made the first Executive Vice-President of the ABCFM. After his retirement in 1948
- ^ "Timeline of Mission". Global Ministries. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
1961 ABCFM merges with Board of International Missions to form the United Church Board for World Ministries (UCBWM)
- ^ "RG 30/385 – Carleton Family Papers 1808 (1853–1973) – 1985". Oberlin College Archives. Archived from the original on July 28, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
After serving as president of Aleppo College for seventeen years, Dr. Carleton returned to the United States to serve as executive vice president of the ABCFM. His first major task was to guide the Congregational Church in a merger with the Evangelical and Reformed Church, creating the United Church of Christ. Resulting from this merger, the ABCFM, formerly a branch of the Congregational Church, became the United Church Board of World Ministries. He served as executive vice president of the board from 1954 to 1970.
- ^ Finding Aid prepared by: Brigette C. Kamsler, September 2011. "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions archives, 1810–1961: Guide". Houghton Library, Harvard College Library. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on September 6, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
On 29 June 1961 the ABCFM was formally concluded, becoming part of the United Church Board for World Ministries (UCBWM), an instrumentality of the new denomination. On 1 July 2000, the UCBWM became Wider Church Ministries, one of the four covenanted ministries of the UCC.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Maxfield, Charles A. (2001). "THE FORMATION AND EARLY HISTORY of the AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS". Charles A. Maxfield (1995 Dissertation). Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
In 1826 the UFMS and the ABCFM merged; in effect, the UFMS was absorbed by the American Board. At its annual meeting that year, the ABCFM added twenty-six new members to the Board,
- ^ "ABCFM 200", Exhibits, Congregational Library, archived from the original on July 14, 2014, retrieved July 1, 2014.
- ^ Maxfield, Charles A (1995). "The Formation and Early History of the American Board of Commissioners For Foreign Missions". The 'Reflex Influence' of Missions: The Domestic Operations of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810–1850. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2006.
- ISBN 0-8203-1427-7.
- ^ "Did You Know?". Christian History & Biography. 90: 3. Spring 2006.
- ^ William Buell Sprague, ed. (1857). "Elias Cornelius, D. D. 1816–1832". Annals of the American Pulpit: Trinitarian Congregational. Robert Carter & Brothers. pp. 633–643.
- ^ Corr, Donald Philip "The Field Is the World": Proclaiming, Translating and Serving by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810–40 (Pasadena: William Carey Library Dissertation Series, 2009)
- ^ "Burke Library Archives, Columbia University, retrieved February 18, 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
- ^ ABCFM (1855). Missionary Herald Vol 51. Boston: T. R. Marvin. pp. 2–14. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
- ^ Ojibwe missions corrections and additions based on ABCFM transcriptions from Harvard collection, Minnesota Historical Society and on Oberlin Evangelist; Presbyterian Historical Soc. files about Odanah mission and on Oberlin Special Collections files
- ^ Townsend (1890), 233–234
- ^ American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, The Annual Report, 1917 full text, pp. 62–95.
- ^ "History". The American College of Sofia. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ "Mary Matthews' Biography · A Mount Holyoke Woman in Macedonia: Mary Matthews and the American School for Girls, 1888 to 1920 · Digital Exhibits of the Archives and Special Collections". ascdc.mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ The Missionary Herald at Home and Abroad, Volumes 116-117. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, General Council of the Congregational and Christian Churches of the United States. Missions Council, General Council of the Congregational and Christian Churches of the United States. Board of Home Missions. Congregational Churches. 1920. p. 23.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ISBN 978-0-8028-4680-8.
- ^ "Memorial records for Wilson A Farnsworth". Digital Library for International Research. American Board. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
- ^ "Memorial records for Caroline E. P. Farnsworth". Digital Library for International Research. American Board. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
- ^ Good, James Isaac. Life of Rev. Benjamin Schneider, D. D.: A Missionary of the Reformed Church in the United States Through the American Board at Brossa and Aintab, Turkey, 1834-1877. Board of foreign missions, Reformed church in the United States.
- ^ Missionary Herald, Volume 85. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 1889. pp. 184–186.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ISBN 978-0-313-26788-8.
- ^ Missionary Herald, Volume 36. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 1840. p. 24.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Mary Frances Buckhout McVay Obituary (1910 - 2010)". Legacy.com. The Republican. February 5, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
Further reading
- Bliss, Edwin Munsell, ed. The Encyclopaedia of missions. Descriptive, historical, biographical, statistical. With a full assortment of maps, a complete bibliography, and lists of Bible version, missionary societies, mission stations, and a general index online vol 1 1891, 724pp; online vol 2 1891, 726pp
- Conroy-Krutz, Emily. Christian Imperialism: Converting the World in the Early American Republic. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.
- Phillips, Clifton Jackson. Protestant America and the pagan world: the first half century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810–1860 (Harvard University Press, 1969)
- Putney, Clifford (writer of introduction and editor with Burlin, Paul), The Role of the American Board in the World: Bicentennial Reflections on the Organization's Missionary Work, 1810–2010 (Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock, 2012)[permanent dead link]
- Strong, William Ellsworth. The Story of the American Board (1910) online[
- Varg, Paul A. Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890–1952 (Princeton UP, 1958).
Publications
- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1838). Report, Volume 29. s.n. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1836). Annual Report, Volumes 27-31. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1840). Annual Report - American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Volumes 31-33. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
- İdris YÜCEL, "An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American in Asia Minor (1880-1923)", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.
- İdris YÜCEL, "A Missionary Society at the Crossroad: American Missionaries on the Eve of the Turkish Republic", Journal of Modern Turkish History, Vol 8 Issue 15, Spring 2012.
- İdris YÜCEL,"An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American Board in Asia Minor (1880-1923)", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol 14, Issue 40, Spring 2015.
- İdris YÜCEL, Anadolu'da Amerikan Misyonerliği ve Misyon Hastaneleri (1880-1934), TTK Yayınevi, Ankara 2017.
- İdris YÜCEL, Kendi Belgeleri Işığında Amerikan Board'ın Osmanlı Ülkesindeki Teşkilatlanması, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2005
External links
- Yale Library note
- Ricci Institute page on the ABCFM in China
- Bilkent University ABCFM project
- ABCFM recordsNebraska State Historical Society
- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, ABC 1–91, at Houghton Library, Harvard University.
- ABCFM Collection overview at Congregational Library and Archives
- Santee Normal Training School, Woonspe Wankantu, 1881, 1882, 1884, 1885, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.