Robert of Melun
Robert of Melun | |
---|---|
Bishop of Hereford | |
Appointed | 1163 |
Term ended | 27 February 1167 |
Predecessor | Gilbert Foliot |
Successor | Robert Foliot |
Orders | |
Consecration | 22 December 1163 by Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury |
Personal details | |
Born | c. 1100 |
Died | 27 February 1167 |
Buried | Hereford Cathedral |
Robert of Melun (c. 1100 – 27 February 1167) was an English scholastic Christian theologian who taught in France, and later became Bishop of Hereford in England. He studied under Peter Abelard in Paris before teaching there and at Melun, which gave him his surname. His students included John of Salisbury, Roger of Worcester, William of Tyre, and possibly Thomas Becket. Robert was involved in the Council of Reims in 1148, which condemned the teachings of Gilbert de la Porrée. Three of his theological works survive, and show him to have been strictly orthodox.
Robert returned to England in 1160, and was appointed Bishop of Hereford in 1163. King Henry II of England appointed him to the see, or bishopric, and was influenced in his decision by Pope Alexander III and Thomas Becket. Following his consecration, Robert became involved in the dispute between Becket and the king, during which he generally took the king's side. He also served as a papal and a royal judge.
Early life
Robert was born in England, probably in about 1100.
Robert went to Melun in 1142 to direct a school,
Appointment to Hereford
After teaching as a master of arts[14] in Paris for over forty years,[15] Robert was recalled to England by King Henry II in 1160, and was appointed Bishop of Hereford in 1163. He was consecrated at Canterbury on 22 December[16] by Archbishop Thomas Becket.[4][17][a] Becket had been prominent among those recommending Robert for the vacancy at Hereford;[1] one of Becket's later biographers said that Becket urged the king to find benefices for Englishmen living abroad.[19] There is some evidence that Pope Alexander III had a hand in Robert's election, as Becket in 1166 reminded Robert and Roger of Worcester that they both owed their episcopates to Alexander.[20]
Little evidence of Robert's activities survives from his time as bishop, although it is known that he acted as a papal judge-delegate in 1165. Five documents survive from his time at Hereford, as well as confirmations of gifts by previous bishops to Llanthony Priory, which he augmented with another grant of tithes.[2] He also served as a royal judge.[21]
Role in the Becket dispute
In 1163, a conflict arose between the king and the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, over the rights of the king in the English church. At a council held at Westminster in October 1163, the king and Becket contended over the question, with the bishops supporting Becket against the king.[22] Robert was involved in the conflict not only as a bishop-elect, but as an envoy to Becket from the pope, as he accompanied Philip of Aumone, a French abbot, who was sent by Alexander to Becket in after the Council of Westminster to urge Becket not to inflame the situation. Robert went with Philip, probably because it was hoped he would be able to influence Becket.[17]
Robert was present in January 1164 when the king summoned a council of the barons and the bishops to Clarendon, where the king demanded that both groups swear to uphold the royal rights of Henry's grandfather, King Henry I, without any reservations or conditions. Although Becket at first attempted to resist, he eventually submitted, and then forced the other bishops to swear also.[23] In October 1164, Becket was accused of denying justice to a royal vassal, tried at a council held at Northampton,[24] and was found guilty although he did not accept the sentence.[25] During the trial, Robert attempted to moderate Becket's behaviour, by persuading him from having his archiepiscopal cross, a symbol of spiritual authority, carried in front of him when he entered the court, which would have been an insult to the king.[2] Shortly after the trial, Robert interceded with the king to order that no injury be done to Becket, who went into voluntary exile.[26]
Early in Becket's exile, Robert received a papal censure for not doing more to support Becket.[27] In summer 1165, Robert accompanied Gilbert Foliot, the Bishop of London, on a papal mission to King Henry, to convey to the king Pope Alexander's complaints about the king's behaviour. The king had been preventing his subjects from visiting or appealing to the papacy, and Alexander wished to protest against that, as well as against the king's treatment of Becket.[28] In 1166, Becket tried to convince Robert to switch sides, writing to Robert in conciliatory tones. John of Salisbury, a supporter of Becket's, prevailed upon two French academics to write to Robert, criticising him for hypocrisy.[29]
In October 1166, Becket ordered Robert and Roger of Worcester to attend him in France, so they could give him guidance on his dispute with the king. When they informed the king of their intended journey he forbade them to leave England. Nevertheless, they attempted to sneak out of the country in February 1167. They were apprehended on 2 February, and ordered to remain in England not only in the king's name, but also in Alexander's.[30]
Theology
Robert's theology is expressed in his three surviving works, the
Robert's Sententiae, or Summa Theologica, was well known in his time, and has been considered a key connection in theology between Robert's own teachers' works and the works of Peter Lombard.
Although Robert condemned Gilbert Porrée in conjunction with Peter Lombard, he did not agree with Lombard's Christology, or views on the nature of Jesus Christ. Likewise, although he disagreed with some of Abelard's teachings, he defended Abelard against charges of heresy. Robert did, however, agree with some of Abelard's teachings and methods. The introduction to the Sententiae proclaims Robert's desire to harmonise the writings of two unnamed scholars, who have been identified by modern writers as Hugh of St Victor and Abelard.[2]
Death and legacy
Robert died on 27 February 1167.
Robert's works have been published in four volumes, edited by R. M. Martin. His episcopal documents are in Hereford 1079–1234: English Episcopal Acta Number 7, published in 1993.[2]
Notes
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f Knowles Episcopal Colleagues pp. 28–30
- ^ a b c d e f g Rampolla "Melun, Robert de" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ a b Barlow English Church pp. 251–252
- ^ a b c d Barrow Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 8: Hereford
- ^ a b c Knowles Evolution of Medieval Thought p. 178–179
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 22
- ^ Warren Henry II p. 473
- ^ Church English Church p. 256
- ^ a b Barlow Thomas Becket p. 20
- ^ Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants p. 831
- ^ Nielsen "Peter Abelard and Gilbert of Poitiers" Medieval Theologians p. 115
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 35
- ^ Quoted in Rampolla "Melun, Robert de" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom of England p. 229
- ^ Chibnall Anglo-Norman England p. 129
- ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 250
- ^ a b Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 97–98
- ^ Cheney Roger of Worcester p. 18
- ^ Cheney Roger of Worcester p. 14
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 85
- ^ Cheney Roger of Worcester p. 139
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 95–96
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 98–99
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 108–109
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 113–114
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 115–116
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 135
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 137
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 151–152
- ^ a b Barlow Thomas Becket p. 160
- ^ Cheney Roger of Worcester pp. 10–12
- ^ Swanson "Glossa Ordinaria" Medieval Theologians p. 167
- ^ Barlow English Church p. 253
References
- ISBN 0-582-50236-5.
- ISBN 0-582-49504-0.
- ISBN 0-520-07175-1.
- Barrow, J. S. (2002). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 8: Hereford: Bishops. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
- Cheney, Mary G. (1980). Roger, Bishop of Worcester 1164–1179: An English Bishop of the Age of Becket. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821879-6.
- ISBN 0-631-15439-6.
- Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
- ISBN 0-85115-863-3.
- OCLC 2742571.
- OCLC 937364.
- Nielsen, Lauge O. (2001). "Peter Abelard and Gilbert of Poitiers". In Evans, G. R. (ed.). The Medieval Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Medieval Period. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 102–128. ISBN 978-0-631-21203-4.
- Rampolla, M. L. (2004). "Melun, Robert de (c.1100–1167)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23727. Retrieved 13 February 2009. (subscription or UK public library membershiprequired)
- Swanson, Jenny (2001). "The Glossa Ordinaria". In Evans, G. R. (ed.). The Medieval Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Medieval Period. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 156–167. ISBN 978-0-631-21203-4.
- ISBN 0-520-03494-5.
Further reading
Translations
- Harkins, Franklin T; van Liere, Frans, eds. (2012). Interpretation of Scripture: Theory: A Selection of the Works of Hugh, Andrew, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, and of Robert of Melun. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
Other sources
- Luscombe, D. E. (1970). The School of Abelard. pp. 281–298.
- Smalley, B. (1973). The Becket Conflict and the Schools. pp. 51–58.