Sébastien Rale
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Sébastien Rale (also Racle, Râle, Rasle, Rasles, and Sebastian Rale (January 20, 1657 – August 23, 1724) was a French
Early years
Rale was born in
Queen Anne's War
In 1694, Rale was sent to direct the Abenaki mission at Norridgewock, Maine on the Kennebec River. He made his headquarters there and erected a church in 1698.[1] The New England colonists were suspicious of a French missionary arriving in the midst of a tribe that was already hostile, anticipating that the Frenchman would do his best to stoke hostility towards the colonists.[2]
Governor Dudley put a price on Rale's head. In the winter of 1705, 275 New England militiamen were dispatched under the command of Colonel Winthrop Hilton to seize Rale. The priest was warned in time, however, and escaped into the woods with his papers, but the militia burned the village and church.[1] Rale wrote to his nephew:
It is needful to control the imagination of the savages, too easily distracted, I pass few working days without making them a short exhortation for the purpose of inspiring a horror of the vices to which their tendency is strongest, and for strengthening them in the practice of some virtue.… My advice always shapes their resolutions.
— Sébastien Rale, Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, Volume 2; Volume 4[3]
The French induced in the local Indians a deep distrust of British intentions—and they accomplished this despite Abenaki dependence on British trading posts to exchange furs for other necessities.
Treaty of Utrecht
The
Chief Taxous died, and his successor was Wissememet who advocated peace with the Colonists, offering beaver skins as reparation for past damages, and four hostages to guarantee none in the future. Rale, however, continued to stir up individuals within the tribe, urging armed resistance. He declared: "Any treaty with the governor… is null and void if I do not approve it, for I give them so many reasons against it that they absolutely condemn what they have done."[6]
Rale wrote to Vaudreuil for reinforcements, and 250 Abenaki warriors from near Quebec arrived at Norridgewock, reliably hostile to the Colonists. On July 28, 1721, over 250 Indians landed at Georgetown in war paint and flying French colors from a flotilla of 90 canoes. With them were Rale and Superior of the Missions Pierre de la Chasse. They delivered a letter which demanded that the Colonial settlers leave or Rale and his Indians would kill them and burn their houses, together with their livestock. A reply was expected within two months. The Colonists immediately stopped selling gunpowder, ammunition, and food to the Abenaki. Then 300 soldiers under the command of
Sebastien Rale and the Abenaki
Rale was tasked with one of the longest and most eventful periods of priesthood in this area of the New World. Rale devoted himself to his mission work and began to study the Abenaki dialect to be a more effective priest. In addition, he also studied the Algonquin dialect in order to run a mission in Illinois for a few years after leaving Kennebec for a short time. In 1694 Father Rale was sent to the Kennebec mission in old Acadia. This was the westernmost mission in the area and Father Rale was the first permanent pastor in lower Kennebec.[9]
Father Rale showed compassion for the Abenaki people, in a letter to his brother which consisted of a long poem he said, "My throat is white and it bleeds" and "I shook the chapel bell in tears/ And cried revenge!"[10] during Father Rale's war facing the settlers taking the side of the tribe. At a time when many French people and Jesuit priests like Father Rale himself believed the Abenaki people were wild beasts in need of civilization, Rale expressed no such sentiments; eventually becoming a martyr to the Abenaki by dying during his campaign to help them resist the encroachment of New England settlers on their lands.[10]
The Jesuit mission in Abenaki territory had existed since 1632, many years before Rale had begun his mission there.[11] The mission was created by the French around the same period that they gained control of Quebec. Rale was put in charge to keep the Abenaki from moving, and to have a more sedentary lifestyle that revolved around Christianity. Many people in St. Lawrence looked toward the Abenaki land to help with the fur trade as their land was to the south of them.[11]
The Abenaki people’s land was of high priority for the settlers in the area because of fur trade implications.[12] Before Rale got to Norridgewock the native people there had signed a treaty making them British subjects with very little idea of what this meant. This made the French come after Father Rale and his group of Abenaki in search of supplies needed to further the fur trade.[12]
The native people in Norridgewock were said by the New England settlers to have verbally proclaimed themselves at their will but Father Rale denied this had ever happened and kept loyalties to the French. Throughout his life and mission Rale remained a beloved priest of the people of the area and is still thought to be a martyr as many Abenaki believe he gave his life to help them resist the encroachment of settlers.[13]
The colonists asked the Abenaki to remain neutral near the beginning of the French and Indian War but because of their religious ties with the French they could not fight against them. Father Rale was present at the meeting on behalf of the native people and stated that the Abenaki would be "ready to take up the hatchet against the English whenever he gave them the order".[14]
Father Rale's War
In response to the raid on Norridgewock, on June 13, 1722, the Abenaki tribe and its auxiliaries burned
Battle of Norridgewock
In August 1724, a force of 208 New England militiamen left Fort Richmond in 17 whaleboats (now Richmond, Maine) and rowed up the Kennebec. These split into two units under the commands of captains Johnson Harmon and Jeremiah Moulton. At Taconic Falls (now Winslow, Maine), 40 men were left to guard the boats as the troops continued on foot. On August 23, 1724 (N. S.), the expedition came upon the village of Norridgewock.
Father Rale was sent to North America with the fur traders and Fishermen and was said to have been the reason the Abenaki people were planning to help the French forces in their conflicts against the British in the
Rale's scalp and those of the other dead were presented to the authorities in
The 150 Abenaki survivors returned to bury the fallen before abandoning Norridgewock for Canada. Rale was buried beneath an altar at the settlement. In 1833, Bishop Benedict Joseph Fenwick dedicated an 11-foot tall obelisk monument inscribed and erected by subscription over his grave in St. Sebastian's Cemetery at Old Point in Madison, Maine.
Rale remains a polarizing figure. Francis Parkman describes him as:
Fearless, resolute, enduring; boastful, sarcastic, often bitter and irritating; a vehement partisan; apt to see things not as they are, but as he wished them to be… yet no doubt sincere in his opinions and genuine in zeal; hating the English more than he loved the Indians; calling himself their friend, yet using them as instruments of worldly policy, to their danger and final ruin. In considering the ascription of martyrdom, it is to be remembered that he did not die because he was an apostle of the faith, but because he was an active agent of the Canadian government.
— Francis Parkman, A Half Century of Conflict[17]
On the other hand, historian
Gallery
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Grave of Sebastien Rale in 1911
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Inscription on monument (Latin)
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A monument at Father Rale's grave memorializing his work.
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Memorial plaque in holy Bénigne church, Pontarlier.
References
- ^ a b c d Charland, Thomas (1979) [1969]. "Rale, Sébastien". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b Schuyler, Henry Clement (1911). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ “Collections and Proceedings", Maine Historical Society
- ^ Parkman (1920), p. 221.
- ^ Hay, Douglas (1979) [1969]. "Wowurna". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
- ^ Parkman (1920), p. 231.
- ^ "Sebastien Rasles strongbox, ca. 1721".
- ^ "Sebastien Rasles strongbox, ca. 1721", Maine Historical Society
- .
- ^ JSTOR 3851886.
- ^ S2CID 159794945.
- ^ OCLC 123125267.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sebastian Rale (Rasle)". Archived from the original on 2022-08-20.
- ^ Williamson, William D.,The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Company (1832), p. 114
- ^ a b Painting the conquest: the Mexican Indians and the European Renaissance. 1992-11-01.
- ^ Parkman (1920), p. 239.
- ^ Eccles, W. J. (1990). "Parkman, Francis". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Bibliography
- John Fiske, New England and New France, 1902, Houghton, Mifflin & Company, Boston, Massachusetts
- Parkman, Francis (1920) [1892]. A Half-century of Conflict. France and England in North America, Part Sixth. Vol. I. Little, Brown.
- Herbert Milton Sylvester, Indian Wars of New England, Volume III, 1910, W. B. Clarke, Boston, Massachusetts
- Schuyler, H.C. "The Apostle of the Abnakis: Father Sebastian Rale, S.J. (1657-1724)". The Catholic Historical Review. 1 (2): 164–174.
External links
- Letters - Father Rale
- Norridgewock Indian Village & Monument
- Image of Rale's strongbox at Maine Memory Network
- Clark, William A., "The Church at Nanrantsouak: Sébastien Râle, S.J., and the Wabanaki of Maine's Kennebec River", The Catholic Historical Review, Volume 92, Number 3, July 2006, pp. 225–251, The Catholic University of America Press
- Campbell, T.J., "Sebastian Rale", Pioneer priests of North America, 1642-1710, Vol. 3, Fordham University Press, 1910
- Sebastien Rale - Video on YouTube