Scottish Football League
![]() | |
Founded | 1890 |
---|---|
Folded | 2013 |
Country | ![]() |
Confederation | UEFA |
Last champions | Partick Thistle (2012–13) |
Most championships | Rangers (47 titles)[note 1] |
The Scottish Football League (SFL) is a defunct league featuring professional and semi-professional football clubs mostly from Scotland.[note 2] From its foundation in 1890 until the breakaway Scottish Premier League (SPL) was formed in 1998, the SFL was the top level of football in Scotland. After 1998, the SFL represented levels 2 to 4 of the Scottish football league system. In June 2013, the SFL merged with the SPL to form the Scottish Professional Football League.
The SFL was associated with a
History
Formation
Organised football in Scotland began in 1873 with the formation of the
This prompted Scottish clubs into thinking about forming their own league. In March 1890, the secretary of Renton wrote to thirteen other clubs inviting them to discuss the organisation of a league.[3] All of the clubs accepted the invitation, except Queen's Park and Clyde.[4] Amateur club Queen's Park, who were the oldest organised club in Scotland and had played a key role in the development of football, were opposed to the league because it would lead to professionalism and eliminate many of the smaller clubs.[4] These concerns were to prove well-founded, as six of the founder members would leave the league before 1900.[4]
The Scottish Football League (SFL) was inaugurated on 30 April 1890.[5] The first season of competition, 1890–91, commenced with 11 clubs because St Bernard's were not elected.[5] The eleven original clubs in membership were Abercorn, Cambuslang, Celtic, Cowlairs, Dumbarton, Heart of Midlothian, Rangers, Renton, St Mirren, Third Lanark and Vale of Leven.[6] Renton were expelled after five games of the 1890–91 season[7] for playing against St Bernard's, who had been found guilty of concealed professionalism. Renton raised an action against the SFA in the Court of Session and won, which meant that their SFA and SFL memberships were restored.[7]
In the
Split into divisions
The league proved to be highly successful, and in 1893, a second tier was formed by the inclusion of a number of clubs previously in the Scottish Football Alliance. Promotion was initially based on a ballot of clubs; automatic promotion was not introduced until 1922.
The onset of World War I saw Division Two but not Division One being suspended, not restarting again until 1921 when the Central Football League was absorbed as a new division with automatic promotion.
Note: in contemporary sources the divisions were often referred to as 'First' and 'Second' rather than 'One' and 'Two'; the latter format has been used throughout the site to avoid confusion with the league's First and Second Division, each one tier lower than their predecessor, introduced in the 1970s (see below).
Division Three
In 1923, the League decided to introduce a third tier. The Western League was used as its backbone[9] but the new set-up lasted only three years before it collapsed under heavy financial losses. From 1926 until 1946, the League reverted to two divisions with many of the third tier clubs joining the Scottish Football Alliance.[10]
Post-World War II reforms saw the League resume with three divisions, renamed 'A', 'B' and 'C' with the last section also including reserve sides.[11][12] In 1947, league championship trophies were introduced for the first time for the top two divisions, until then only flags had been presented to the winners. The new trophies were engraved with the names of all previous winners. [13]
In 1949, the 'C' Division was expanded to two sections – South-East (North-East from 1950) and South-West. The withdrawal of the reserves from 'C' Division in 1955 saw a return to two divisions with the 5 first teams in Division C being given automatic promotion.[9][14] There were then 18 clubs in Division A and 19 in Division B. In 1956 the divisions were renamed Division 1 and Division 2.
Clydebank were elected to Division Two as the 20th club in 1966, but following the demise of Third Lanark in 1967, Division Two kept operating with just 19 clubs; the situation would not be corrected until the next change of format, which happened in 1975.
This change of structure split the league into three divisions, Premier, First, and Second Divisions. This permitted more frequent fixtures between the top clubs; the expectation was that meant greater revenue for them, and it was hoped it would stimulate greater interest, at a time when attendance at league matches had dropped alarmingly. One year before the restructuring, a new club entered the league,
Four-division period and SPL split
After a couple of decades, in 1994 the league again reorganised (following an attempted 'Super League' breakaway by the top clubs in 1992)[15] with four divisions of 10 teams, as Highland League clubs Inverness Caledonian Thistle (a merger of two existing clubs in the city) and Ross County were elected to round out the league. At the same time, the SFL adopted the system of three points for a win. In 1998 the Premier Division clubs split from the league to form the Scottish Premier League (SPL).[16] The remaining leagues, of ten clubs each, kept their names and the Premier Division was not reconstituted, leaving First, Second and Third Divisions. Part of the agreement was that the SPL would expand to 12 clubs in 2000. The SFL then took in two new members to replace the two clubs lost to the SPL; Highland League clubs Elgin City and Peterhead were admitted, increasing the total number of clubs in the Scottish football league system to 42.
From 2005, the SFL determined a promotion and relegation place between each division according to playoffs between four clubs.[17] The playoffs were contested between the ninth placed (second bottom) club in the higher division and the second, third and fourth placed clubs in the lower division.[17] It was therefore possible for a team finishing fourth in the Second Division or Third Division to be promoted, rather than the clubs finishing immediately above them in the standings.[17] It was also possible for the ninth placed club to retain their position in the higher division.[17]
Our review of non-financial matters indicate an organisation which is not wholly suited to the modern-day business environment, or the size of the league.
— Pannell Kerr Foster, BBC Sport website
In March 2007, a self-conducted review found the league to be three times more expensive to run than equivalent leagues in England, with a report stating the league structure was "outdated": the report found that the
Merger
No clubs were relegated from the bottom end of the Scottish Football League,
Cup competitions
The Scottish Football League organised two knock-out cup competitions: the
The Scottish Challenge Cup was instituted in 1990, to celebrate the League's centenary.[24] The Challenge Cup was only open to Scottish Football League clubs outside the top division of the Scottish football league system. From 2011, two Highland Football League clubs were allowed to participate each year in the Challenge Cup, to give a round number of 32 clubs participating.[25] Both the League Cup and the Challenge Cup continued under the auspices of the Scottish Professional Football League.
League sponsorship and media rights
From 1985, the League accepted sponsorships for its main competition.[26] Below is a list of sponsors and the League's name under their sponsorship:
- 1985–1988: Fine Fare (Fine Fare League)[26]
- 1988–1992: B&Q (B&Q League)[26]
- 1992–1994: No sponsor
- 1994–1998: Bell's whisky (Bell's League)[27]
- 1998–1999: No sponsor
- 1999–2006: Bell's whisky (Bell's League)[28][29]
- 2006–2007: No sponsor[29]
- 2007–2013: Irn-Bru (Irn-Bru League)[29][30][31]
The League's cup competitions have had different sponsors, with the
Before 1979, the major source of revenue to Scottish Football League clubs, apart from their attendances, was from the
The first live television broadcast of a Scottish league match was not until April 1986.
This left the remaining Scottish Football League clubs without live coverage, although STV continued to show highlights of
Member clubs
Of the original SFL clubs, Celtic, Heart of Midlothian, St Mirren and Dumbarton are the only clubs today playing in the successor Scottish Professional Football League. Every other club is either defunct or out of the League.
Past winners
When the Scottish Football League was established in 1890, all of the clubs played in just one division. In 1893 the Scottish Football League absorbed many clubs from the Scottish Football Alliance and had enough clubs to form another division. The existing division was renamed Division One and the new division was called Division Two. Nevertheless, promotion and relegation between the top two divisions was not automatic until 1921–22 when Division Two was brought back after a hiatus provoked by World War I which affected only that division; hence some teams of the era winning Division Two twice in a row before being promoted, and some Division Two winners being never promoted at all.
A third tier of Scottish league football was first established in the 1923–24 season, but it only lasted for two full seasons due to financial difficulties. A third tier league (called Division C) was reintroduced in 1946–47. Division C, which also included reserve teams of higher division clubs, operated as a national competition for the first three seasons but thereafter it was split into two regional sections. During this period only full-strength clubs (not reserve teams) were promoted if they finished as champions. The two-division tier was abolished after the 1954–55 season.
Since the 1975–76 season there has been a third tier, known as the Second Division. The top tier became the Premier Division and the second tier became known as the First Division. A fourth tier, known as the Third Division, was introduced in 1994. The last major change within the Scottish football league system was in 1998–99, when the Premier Division clubs broke away from the Scottish Football League to form the Scottish Premier League. The remaining Scottish Football League divisions continued as before.
No. | Season | 1st tier | 2nd tier | 3rd tier | 4th tier |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1890–91 | Dumbarton (share)[7] Rangers (share)[7] |
— | — | — |
2. | 1891–92 | Dumbarton | |||
3. | 1892–93 | Celtic | |||
4. | 1893–94 | Celtic | Hibernian | ||
5. | 1894–95 | Heart of Midlothian | Hibernian | ||
6. | 1895–96 | Celtic | Abercorn | ||
7. | 1896–97 | Heart of Midlothian | Partick Thistle | ||
8. | 1897–98 | Celtic | Kilmarnock | ||
9. | 1898–99 | Rangers | Kilmarnock | ||
10. | 1899–1900 | Rangers | Partick Thistle | ||
11. | 1900–01 | Rangers | St Bernard's | ||
12. | 1901–02 | Rangers | Port Glasgow Athletic | ||
13. | 1902–03 | Hibernian | Airdrieonians | ||
14. | 1903–04 | Third Lanark | Hamilton Academical | ||
15. | 1904–05 | Celtic | Clyde | ||
16. | 1905–06 | Celtic | Leith Athletic | ||
17. | 1906–07 | Celtic | St Bernard's | ||
18. | 1907–08 | Celtic | Raith Rovers | ||
19. | 1908–09 | Celtic | Abercorn | ||
20. | 1909–10 | Celtic | Leith Athletic (share) Raith Rovers (share) | ||
21. | 1910–11 | Rangers | Dumbarton | ||
22. | 1911–12 | Rangers | Ayr United | ||
23. | 1912–13 | Rangers | Ayr United | ||
24. | 1913–14 | Celtic | Cowdenbeath | ||
25. | 1914–15 | Celtic | Cowdenbeath | ||
26. | 1915–16 | Celtic | — | ||
27. | 1916–17 | Celtic | |||
28. | 1917–18 | Rangers | |||
29. | 1918–19 | Celtic | |||
30. | 1919–20 | Rangers | |||
31. | 1920–21 | Rangers | |||
32. | 1921–22 | Celtic | Alloa Athletic | ||
33. | 1922–23 | Rangers | Queen's Park | ||
34. | 1923–24 | Rangers | St Johnstone | Arthurlie | |
35. | 1924–25 | Rangers | Dundee United | Nithsdale Wanderers | |
36. | 1925–26 | Celtic | Dunfermline Athletic | Not awarded[note 3] | |
37. | 1926–27 | Rangers | Bo'ness United | — | |
38. | 1927–28 | Rangers | Ayr United | ||
39. | 1928–29 | Rangers | Dundee United | ||
40. | 1929–30 | Rangers | Leith Athletic | ||
41. | 1930–31 | Rangers | Third Lanark | ||
42. | 1931–32 | Motherwell | East Stirlingshire | ||
43. | 1932–33 | Rangers | Hibernian | ||
44. | 1933–34 | Rangers | Albion Rovers | ||
45. | 1934–35 | Rangers | Third Lanark | ||
46. | 1935–36 | Celtic | Falkirk | ||
47. | 1936–37 | Rangers | Ayr United | ||
48. | 1937–38 | Celtic | Raith Rovers | ||
49. | 1938–39 | Rangers | Cowdenbeath | ||
50. | 1939–40 | League abandoned after five matches due to the commencement of World War II. | |||
—
|
1940–46 | League suspended due to World War II. | |||
51. | 1946–47 | Rangers | Dundee | Stirling Albion | — |
52. | 1947–48 | Hibernian | East Fife | East Stirlingshire | |
53. | 1948–49 | Rangers | Raith Rovers | Forfar Athletic | |
54. | 1949–50 | Rangers | Morton | Hibernian A | |
Clyde A | |||||
55. | 1950–51 | Hibernian | Queen of the South | Heart of Midlothian A | |
Clyde A | |||||
56. | 1951–52 | Hibernian | Clyde | Dundee A | |
Rangers A | |||||
57. | 1952–53 | Rangers | Stirling Albion | Aberdeen A | |
Rangers A | |||||
58. | 1953–54 | Celtic | Motherwell | Brechin City | |
Rangers A | |||||
59. | 1954–55 | Aberdeen | Airdrieonians | Aberdeen A | |
Partick Thistle A | |||||
60. | 1955–56 | Rangers | Queen's Park | — | |
61. | 1956–57 | Rangers | Clyde | ||
62. | 1957–58 | Heart of Midlothian | Stirling Albion | ||
63. | 1958–59 | Rangers | Ayr United | ||
64. | 1959–60 | Heart of Midlothian | St Johnstone | ||
65. | 1960–61 | Rangers | Stirling Albion | ||
66. | 1961–62 | Dundee | Clyde | ||
67. | 1962–63 | Rangers | St Johnstone | ||
68. | 1963–64 | Rangers | Morton | ||
69. | 1964–65 | Kilmarnock | Stirling Albion | ||
70. | 1965–66 | Celtic | Ayr United | ||
71. | 1966–67 | Celtic | Morton | ||
72. | 1967–68 | Celtic | St Mirren | ||
73. | 1968–69 | Celtic | Motherwell | ||
74. | 1969–70 | Celtic | Falkirk | ||
75. | 1970–71 | Celtic | Partick Thistle | ||
76. | 1971–72 | Celtic | Dumbarton | ||
77. | 1972–73 | Celtic | Clyde | ||
78. | 1973–74 | Celtic | Airdrieonians | ||
79. | 1974–75 | Rangers | Falkirk | ||
80. | 1975–76 | Rangers | Partick Thistle | Clydebank | |
81. | 1976–77 | Celtic | St Mirren | Stirling Albion | |
82. | 1977–78 | Rangers | Morton | Clyde | |
83. | 1978–79 | Celtic | Dundee | Berwick Rangers | |
84. | 1979–80 | Aberdeen | Heart of Midlothian | Falkirk | |
85. | 1980–81 | Celtic | Hibernian | Queen's Park | |
86. | 1981–82 | Celtic | Motherwell | Clyde | |
87. | 1982–83 | Dundee United | St Johnstone | Brechin City | |
88. | 1983–84 | Aberdeen | Morton | Forfar Athletic | |
89. | 1984–85 | Aberdeen | Motherwell | Montrose | |
90. | 1985–86 | Celtic | Hamilton Academical | Dunfermline Athletic | |
91. | 1986–87 | Rangers | Morton | Meadowbank Thistle
| |
92. | 1987–88 | Celtic | Hamilton Academical | Ayr United | |
93. | 1988–89 | Rangers | Dunfermline Athletic | Albion Rovers | |
94. | 1989–90 | Rangers | St Johnstone | Brechin City | |
95. | 1990–91 | Rangers | Falkirk | Stirling Albion | |
96. | 1991–92 | Rangers | Dundee | Dumbarton | |
97. | 1992–93 | Rangers | Raith Rovers | Clyde | |
98. | 1993–94 | Rangers | Falkirk | Stranraer | |
99. | 1994–95 | Rangers | Raith Rovers | Morton | Forfar Athletic |
100. | 1995–96 | Rangers | Dunfermline Athletic | Stirling Albion | Livingston |
101. | 1996–97 | Rangers | St Johnstone | Ayr United | Inverness Caledonian Thistle |
102. | 1997–98 | Celtic | Dundee | Stranraer | Alloa Athletic |
103. | 1998–99 | — | Hibernian | Livingston | Ross County |
104. | 1999–2000 | St Mirren | Clyde | Queen's Park | |
105. | 2000–01 | Livingston | Partick Thistle | Hamilton Academical | |
106. | 2001–02 | Partick Thistle | Queen of the South | Brechin City | |
107. | 2002–03 | Falkirk | Raith Rovers | Morton | |
108. | 2003–04 | Inverness Caledonian Thistle | Airdrie United
|
Stranraer | |
109. | 2004–05 | Falkirk | Brechin City | Gretna | |
110. | 2005–06 | St. Mirren | Gretna | Cowdenbeath | |
111. | 2006–07 | Gretna | Morton | Berwick Rangers | |
112. | 2007–08 | Hamilton Academical | Ross County | East Fife | |
113. | 2008–09 | St Johnstone | Raith Rovers | Dumbarton | |
114. | 2009–10 | Inverness Caledonian Thistle | Stirling Albion | Livingston | |
115. | 2010–11 | Dunfermline Athletic | Livingston | Arbroath | |
116. | 2011–12 | Ross County | Cowdenbeath | Alloa Athletic | |
117. | 2012–13 | Partick Thistle | Queen of the South | Rangers |
Scottish Football League XI
The SFL was the organising body of the
See also
- List of footballers in Scotland by number of league appearances (also includes successor league systems)
- List of footballers in Scotland by number of league goals (also includes successor league systems)
- List of Scottish Football League stadiums
- Scottish Women's Football League
Notes
- ^ The Scottish Football League existed between 1890 and 2013, and did not contain the top division of Scottish league football between 1998 and 2013 (Scottish Premier League). For a complete record of clubs that have won Scottish league championships, see list of Scottish football champions.
- ^ One club, Berwick Rangers, is based in the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, which is located approximately 4 km south of the Anglo-Scottish border.
- ^ Helensburgh gained the most points, but no title was awarded as they were the only club to complete their fixtures.
References
- ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 3)
- ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 5)
- ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 6)
- ^ a b c (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 7)
- ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 13)
- ^ How it all Began, Scottish League History
- ^ a b c d e f (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 20)
- ^ MacDonald, Paul. "Scottish League formed". BBC Scotland.
- ^ a b "Scottish Football League - C Division". Scottish Football Historical Archive. OoCities.org. Archived from the original on Jul 31, 2023.
- ^ Scottish Football Alliance (Third version 1919-1938), Scottish Football Historical Archive
- ^ Scottish Reserve League Competitions Part 2 1945-1955, Scottish Football Historical Archive 1 November 2020
- ^ The C Division – the "other clubs" division, Alan Bell, via Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Transfer Database
- Dundee Courier. 1 October 1947. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ Scotland - Final Tables Third Level 1924-2004, RSSSF
- ^ Rangers and Hearts owners, Hibs and Aberdeen involved, Celtic wavering - recalling failed Scottish Super League breakaway of 1992, Stephen Halliday, The Scotsman, 20 April 2021
- ^ Grahame, Ewing (13 July 2012). "Low in attendance, low in achievement – the SPL's dismal legacy of failure". The Scotsman. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "IRN-BRU SFL PLAY-OFFS 2011/12". www.scottishfootballleague.com. Scottish Football League. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Scottish League branded out-dated". BBC Sport. 5 March 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ Moffat, Colin (3 June 2008). "The lights go off at Gretna". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
- ^ "Airdrie buy Bankies". BBC Sport. 9 July 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
- ^ "Annan voted into Scottish League". BBC Sport. 3 July 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Rangers: Charles Green accepts Division Three vote". BBC Sport. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ a b c "Scottish Football League clubs vote in favour of a proposed merger with the Scottish Premier League". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ "Scottish League Challenge Cup Finals". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ a b c "Highland duo enter new Ramsdens Cup". BBC Sport. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ a b c (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 218)
- ^ Gaunt, Ken (1 October 1997). "Football: Scottish sponsors decide to pull out". The Independent. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "Press Release". www.scottishfootballleague.com. Scottish Football League. 19 August 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ a b c "SFL ends search for new sponsor". BBC Sport. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "SFL signs £3m sponsorship extension with Irn-Bru". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "SFL secures sponsorship extension with Irn-Bru". BBC Sport. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 239)
- ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 242)
- ^ "Co-operative Insurance end Scottish League Cup deal". BBC Sport. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "Scottish Government crime seizures to fund League Cup". BBC Sport. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "Preview Forfar Athletic". www.dafc.co.uk. Dunfermline Athletic FC. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ a b c (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 259)
- ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 217)
- ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 198)
- ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 202)
- ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 213)
- ^ a b "Dens memories reduce former Hearts manager to tears". sport.scotsman.com. Johnston Publishing. 17 February 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ a b Viner, Brian (28 January 2011). "Brian Viner: Prehistoric maybe, but I'll miss Gray and Keys". The Independent. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Sky reveals new SPL TV deal for five years". BBC Sport. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ a b "ESPN announces deal to show SPL and Rangers live". BBC Sport. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ "Airdrie United". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Albion Rovers". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Alloa Athletic". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Annan Athletic". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Arbroath". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Ayr United". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Berwick Rangers". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Brechin City". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Clyde". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Cowdenbeath". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Dumbarton". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Dunfermline Athletic". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "east Fife". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "East Stirlingshire". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Elgin City". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Falkirk". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Forfar Athletic". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Morton". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Hamilton Academical". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Livingston". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Montrose". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Partick Thistle". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Peterhead". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Queen of the South". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Queen's Park [glasgow]". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Raith Rovers". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Rangers". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Stenhousemuir". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Stirling Albion". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Stranraer". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Scotland Scores by Team". Londonhearts.com. London Hearts Supporters' Club. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
- ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 245)
- ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 254)
- ^ Jim Traynor (18 August 1990). "The Aberdeen connection". The Herald. Newsquest. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- Sources
- ISBN 0-9516433-0-4.