Anglo-Scottish border
Anglo-Scottish border Crìochan Anglo-Albannach | |
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Treaty of Union 1706 |
The Anglo-Scottish border (
The
For centuries until the
The marine boundary was adjusted by the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 so that the boundary within the territorial waters (up to the 12-mile (19 km) limit) is 90 metres (300 ft) north of the boundary for oil installations established by the Civil Jurisdiction (Offshore Activities) Order 1987.[5] The land border is near and roughly parallel to the 420 million-year-old Iapetus Suture.
History
The border country, historically known as the
Second War of Scottish Independence
In 1333, during the Second War of Scottish Independence, Scotland was defeated at the Battle of Halidon Hill and Edward III occupied much of the borderlands. Edward declared Edward Balliol the new King of Scots, in exchange for much of southern Scotland and absolute supplication, but this was not recognised by the majority of the Scottish nobility who remained loyal to David II and conflict continued.[6] By 1341, Perth and Edinburgh had been retaken by the Scots and Edward Balliol fled to England, effectively nullifying the supposed treaty. Edward would continue the war but would be unable to restore the puppet ruler Balliol to the throne and with the Treaty of Berwick (1357) Scottish independence was once again acknowledged with any pretence to territorial annexations dropped.
Clans
A 16th-century Act of the Scottish Parliament talks about the chiefs of the border clans, and a late 17th-century statement by the Lord Advocate uses the terms "clan" and "family" interchangeably. Although Lowland aristocrats may have increasingly liked to refer to themselves as "families", the idea that the term "clan" should be used for Highland families alone is a 19th-century convention.[7]
Historic Border clans include the following:
Scottish Marches
During late medieval and early modern eras—from the late 13th century, with the creation by Edward I of England of the first Lord Warden of the Marches to the early 17th century and the creation of the Middle Shires, promulgated after the personal union of England and Scotland under James VI of Scotland (James I of England)—the area around the border was known as the Scottish Marches.
For centuries the Marches on either side of the boundary was an area of mixed allegiances, where families or clans switched which country or side they supported as suited their family interests at that time, and lawlessness abounded. Before the personal union of the two kingdoms under James, the border clans would switch allegiance between the Scottish and English crowns depending on what was most favourable for the members of the clan. For a time a powerful local clan dominated a region on the border between England and Scotland. It was known as the Debatable Lands and neither monarch's writ was heeded.[citation needed]
Middle Shires
Following the 1603
In 1607 James felt he could boast that "the Middle Shires" had "become the navel or umbilic of both kingdoms, planted and peopled with civility and riches". After ten years King James had succeeded; the Middle Shires had been brought under central law and order. By the early 1620s the Borders were so peaceful that the Crown was able to scale down its operations.
Despite these improvements, the Joint Commission continued its work, and as late as 25 September 1641 under
Controversial territories
The Debatable Lands
The Debatable Lands lay between Scotland and England to the north of Carlisle,[11] the largest population centre being Canonbie.[12] For over three hundred years the area was effectively controlled by local clans, such as the Armstrongs, who successfully resisted any attempt by the Scottish or English governments to impose their authority.[13] In 1552 commissioners met to divide the land in two: Douglas of Drumlanrigg leading the Scots; Lord Wharton leading the English; the French ambassador acting as umpire. The Scots' Dike was built as the new frontier, with stones set up bearing the arms of England and of Scotland.[14][15]
Berwick-upon-Tweed
The Ba Green
At the River Tweed the border runs down the middle of the river, however between the villages of
Hadrian's Wall misconception
It is a
For centuries the wall was the boundary between the Roman province of Britannia (to the south) and the Celtic lands of Caledonia (to the north). However Britannia occasionally extended as far north as the later Antonine Wall. Furthermore, to speak of England and Scotland at any time prior to the ninth century is anachronistic; such nations had no meaningful existence during the period of Roman rule.
"Hadrian's Wall" is nonetheless often used as an informal reference to the modern border, often semi-humorously.[a]
Migration
Cumbria and Northumberland have amongst the largest Scottish-born communities in the world outside Scotland. 16,628 Scottish-born people were residing in Cumbria in
List of places on the border, or associated with it
On the border
- Carter Bar
- Marshall Meadows Bay
- Pennine Way
- Scots' Dike
- Solway Firth
- St Cuthbert's Way
- Union Bridge (Tweed)
England
Cumbria
Northumberland
- Ancroft
- Barmoor Castle
- Barrow Burn
- Beadnell
- Belford
- borough
- Bowsden
- Branxton
- Byrness
- Carham
- Catcleugh Reservoir
- Chatton
- Chillingham Castle
- Cornhill-on-Tweed
- Crookham
- Doddington
- Duddo and Duddo Tower
- Etal and Etal Castle
- Fowberry Tower
- Goswick
- Greystead
- Haggerston and Haggerston Castle
- Horncliffe
- Howtel
- Islandshire
- Kielder, Kielder Forest and Kielder Water
- Kilham
- Kirknewton
- Lilburn and Lilburn Tower
- Lindisfarne and Lindisfarne Castle
- Lowick
- Middleton
- Milfield
- Mindrum
- Norham and Norham Castle
- North Sunderland
- Otterburn
- Redesdale & River Rede
- Scremerston
- Spittal
- Twizell Castle
- Wark on Tweed
- Wooler
- Yeavering
Scotland
Dumfries and Galloway
Borders
- Allanton
- Ayton
- Birgham
- Cessford Castle
- Chirnside
- Coldstream
- Dinlabyre
- Duns
- Eccles
- Eden Water
- Edgerston
- Ednam
- Edrington
- Edrom
- Ettrick
- Eyemouth
- Fogo
- Foulden
- Galashiels
- Hawick
- Hermitage and Hermitage Castle
- Hilly Linn
- Hilton
- Hume Castle
- Hutton
- Jedburgh
- Kelso
- Kirk Yetholm & Town Yetholm
- Ladykirk
- Lamberton
- Leitholm
- Liddesdale
- Mordington
- Morebattle
- Mowhaugh
- Newcastleton
- Oxnam
- Paxton
- Roxburgh and Roxburgh Castle
- Saughtree
- Selkirk
- Southdean
- Swinton
- Timpanheck
- Whitsome
Rivers
Mountains
See also
- Anglo
- Cheviot Hills
- Southern Uplands
- Border Reivers
- Border ballad
- Border pipes
- ITV Border
- Border Collie
- Border Terrier
- Both sides the Tweed
- Scottish Marches
- Star of Caledonia
- Scotch Corner
- Debatable Lands
- Wales-England border
- Welsh Marches
Notes
- ^ Three examples of a humorous reference to Hadrian's Wall:
- "and there are plans for an electrified fence along Hadrian's Wall to prevent emigration from the rump republic" (Sandbrook 2012 quoting Robert Moss in The Collapse of Democracy (1975));
- "a situation that the (notional) electrification of Hadrian's Wall is unlikely to change" (Ijeh 2014);
- A cartoon: "Hadrian's Wall Extension Plan" showing an extension of Hadrian's Wall around the coastline of England and Wales (Hughes 2014).
References
- ISBN 0521813352.
- ^ "Scotland Conquered, 1174-1296". The National Archives. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^ Blackstone, William; Stewart, James (1839). The rights of persons, according to the text of Blackstone. Edmund Spettigue. p. 92.
- ISBN 0-521-78260-0..
For the purposes of the English conflict of laws, every country in the world which is not part of England and Wales is a foreign country and its foreign laws. This means that not only totally foreign independent countries such as France and Russia... are foreign countries but also British Colonies such as the Falkland Islands. Moreover, the other parts of the United Kingdom—Scotland and Northern Ireland—are foreign countries for present purposes, as are the other British Islands, the Isle of Man, Jersey, and Guernsey
- ^ Scottish Parliament Official Report 26 April 2000[permanent dead link]. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^ William Hunt, ed. (1905). The Political History of England, Volume 3.
- ^ Agnew, Crispin (13 August 2001). "Clans, Families and Septs". Electric Scotland. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^ Border Reivers#Legislation
- ^ Act anent fugitive persones of the borders to the in country (1609): Forsamekle as the kingis majestie is resolved to purge the mydele schyres of this isle, heirtofoir callit the bordouris of Scotland and England, of that barbarous crueltie, wickednes and incivilitie whilk be inveterat custome almaist wes become naturall to mony of the inhabitantis thairof... (Translated: Forasmuch as the king's majesty is resolved to purge the middle shires of this isle, heretofore called the borders of Scotland and England, of that barbarous cruelty, wickedness and incivility which by inveterate custom almost was become natural to many of the inhabitants thereof...)
- ^ Petition of Sir Richard Graham regarding the middle shires: I am desired by Sir Richard Graham to move your majesty and this house of parliament that some present course may be taken for regulating the disorders that are now in the middle shires, this being the best time whilst the English commissioners are here that order may be given to the commissioners of both kingdoms to call the border landlords now in town to inform themselves what course has been formerly held for the suppressing of disorder and apprehending of felons and fugitives.
- ^ The County Histories of Scotland, Volume 5. Scotland: W. Blackwood and Sons. 1896. pp. 160–162. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ISBN 9781445651651. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ The History of Liddesdale, Eskdale, Ewesdale, Wauchopedale and the ..., Volume 1 By Robert Bruce Armstrong pp. 181–2
- ^ "Debatable Land". www.geog.port.ac.uk.
- ^ "A short history of the Debatable Lands and Border Reivers". www.scotsman.com.
- ^ New Statesman. 11 Sep 2014. The Scottish referendum means Berwick-upon-Tweed faces an uncertain future. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ Kerr, Rachel (8 October 2004). "A tale of one town". BBC News. Retrieved 13 April 2007.
- ^ "Swapping sides: the English town that wants to be Scottish". The Independent. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
It was Berwick which became the focal point for the direct action of one of the first modern Scottish nationalists, Wendy Wood in the 1950s. Controversially...she was regularly arrested for moving the border signs over the Tweed.
- ^ "'Return to fold' call for Berwick". BBC News. 10 February 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
- ^ "Berwick-upon-Tweed: English or Scottish?". BBC News. 1 May 2010.
- ISBN 9781841589770.
- ISBN 9780857901156.
- ^ "(Showing Scottish border south of the Tweed) - Berwickshire Sheet XXIX.SW (includes: Coldstream) -". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
- ^ English Heritage. 30 Surprising Facts About Hadrian's Wall Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ Financial Times. Borders held dear to English and Scots Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ "Neighbourhood Statistics Home Page". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^ "Are English settlers in the Highlands nicer than those in the Borders and if so why?". 22 May 2019.
References
- Hughes, Alex (5 September 2014), Hadrian's Wall Extension Plan, alexhughescartoons.co.uk, retrieved 15 December 2014
- Ijeh, Ike (27 August 2014), "What did Scotland do for architecture?", Building Design Online, retrieved 7 October 2016
- ISBN 9781846140327
Further reading
- Aird, W.M. (1997) "Northern England or southern Scotland? The Anglo-Scottish border in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the problem of perspective" In: Appleby, J.C. and Dalton, P. (Eds) Government, religion and society in Northern England 1000-1700, Stroud : Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-1057-7, p. 27–39
- Crofton, Ian (2014) Walking the Border: A Journey Between Scotland and England, Birlinn
- Readman, Paul (2014). "Living a British Borderland: Northumberland and the Scottish Borders in the Long Nineteenth Century". Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 169–191. ISBN 978-1-137-32058-2.
- Robb, Graham (2018) The Debatable Land: The Lost World Between Scotland and England, Picador
- Robson, Eric (2006) The Border Line, Frances Lincoln Ltd.
External links
Media related to Border of England-Scotland at Wikimedia Commons
- The Border Clans and their Emigration to America at Hodgson Clan
- The world's oldest border?, from Jay Foreman's "Map Men" series