Second Battle of Lexington

Coordinates: 39°10′59″N 93°52′30″W / 39.18306°N 93.87500°W / 39.18306; -93.87500
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Not to be confused with First Battle of Lexington.

Second Battle of Lexington
Part of the American Civil War
DateOctober 19, 1864 (1864-10-19)
Location
Lexington, Missouri
Result Confederate victory
Belligerents
Confederate States of America Confederate States United States United States
Commanders and leaders
Sterling Price James G. Blunt
Units involved
Army of Missouri Two brigades of Blunt's division
Strength
c. 13,000 2,000
Casualties and losses
light c. 40

The Second Battle of Lexington was a minor battle fought during

Battle of Pilot Knob, the strength of the Union defenses at Jefferson City
led Price to abandon the main goals of his campaign.

Additional Union troops were recalled from a campaign against the

Big Blue River. As a result, Major General James G. Blunt was only able to take 2,000 men east to confront Price. By October 19, Blunt had occupied a position near the city of Lexington, which was soon attacked by lead elements of Price's army. Blunt's men resisted strongly, despite being outnumbered, and forced Price to deploy the rest of his army and his heaviest artillery. After gaining information about Price's strength and position that the Union high command had been previously lacking, Blunt withdrew from the field. Four days later, Price was decisively defeated at the Battle of Westport
, and the Confederates were pursued, suffering several more defeats in the process. By December, only 3,500 men of Price's initially 13,000-strong army remained.

Context

Map of Price's Raid

At the start of the

Major General Sterling Price, the MSG defeated Union armies at the battles of Wilson's Creek and Lexington in 1861, but by the end of the year, Price and the MSG were restricted to the southwestern portion of the state. Meanwhile, Jackson and a portion of the state legislature voted to secede and join the Confederate States of America, while another element of the legislature voted to reject secession, essentially giving the state two governments.[2] In March 1862, a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas gave the Union control of Missouri,[3] and Confederate activity in the state was largely restricted to guerrilla warfare and raids throughout 1862 and 1863.[4]

By the beginning of September 1864, events in the eastern United States, especially the Confederate defeat in the

Western Theaters. However, this proved to be impossible, as the Union Navy controlled the Mississippi River, preventing a large scale crossing. Despite having limited resources for an offensive, Smith decided that an attack designed to divert Union troops from the principal theaters of combat would have an equivalent effect as the proposed transfer of troops, through decreasing the Confederates' numerical disparity east of the Mississippi. Price and the Confederate Governor of Missouri, Thomas Caute Reynolds, suggested that an invasion of Missouri would be an effective offensive; Smith approved the plan and appointed Price to command the offensive. Price expected that the offensive would create a popular uprising against Union control of Missouri, divert Union troops away from principal theaters of combat (many of the Union troops previously defending Missouri had been transferred out of the state, leaving the Missouri State Militia to be the state's primary defensive force), and aid McClellan's chance of defeating Lincoln in the election.[6] On September 19, Price's column, named the Army of Missouri, entered the state.[7]

Prelude

When it entered the state, Price's force was composed of about 13,000 cavalrymen. However, several thousand of these men were poorly armed, and all 14 of the army's cannons were underpowered.

a side raid against the town of Glasgow on October 15 was successful,[13] as was another raid against Sedalia.[14]

Meanwhile, Union troops commanded by Major Generals

Big Blue River. On the 17th, Blunt detached his militia unit to Kansas City, and then sent his other two brigades to Holden.[16] On October 18, Blunt's advance guard, commanded by Colonel Thomas Moonlight, occupied the town of Lexington, hoping to cooperate with a force commanded by Brigadier General John B. Sanborn to catch and trap Price. However, Sanborn's force was too far south of Lexington to move in concert with Blunt. Additionally, he learned that Price was only 20 miles (32 km) away at Waverly; he also received word from Curtis that the political authorities in Kansas would not allow him to send militiamen to Curtis.[17][18] Blunt then made the decision to reinforce his outer positions and resist the inevitable Confederate advance.[18]

Battle

Map of Lexington II Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program.

Price's army was split into three columns: Brigadier General

rear guard for Blunt until nightfall.[13][18] Four of the mountain howitzers supported the Kansans during the rear guard action.[23] While the action was a Confederate victory,[21] Blunt had gained definite evidence about Price's strengths and exact movements,[17] which the Union high command had been lacking since the time that Price was still in Arkansas.[18]

Aftermath

Union casualties numbered about 40; Price gave no official total, but stated that his losses were "very light".[24] The Confederates spent the night near Fire Prairie Creek, while Blunt retreated to the Little Blue River. Price continued moving westward, fighting several smaller actions along the way, before being decisively defeated by Curtis at the Battle of Westport on October 23, near Kansas City.[25] The Army of Missouri fell back through Kansas, suffering two defeats at the battles of Marais des Cygnes and Mine Creek on October 25; the latter defeat was particularly devastating, as Marmaduke and many other soldiers were captured. Returning to Missouri, Price was further defeated at the Battle of Marmiton River on October 25 and again at the Second Battle of Newtonia on October 28. Curtis pursued the Confederates all the way to the Arkansas River; the Confederates did not stop retreating until they reached Texas. By December, only 3,500 men remained of the Army of Missouri.[26]

A 2011 study by the American Battlefield Protection Program found that while the site of the battle is threatened by the development of Missouri Route 13, and is otherwise fragmented by development, opportunities for preservation remain at the site.[27] The same report noted that while none of the battlefield is on the National Register of Historic Places, 3,543.31 acres (1,433.93 ha) of the site are likely eligible for listing.[28] Battle of Lexington State Historic Site is concerned with the preservation of the 1861 First Battle of Lexington.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 19–20.
  2. ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 20–25.
  3. ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 34–37.
  4. ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 377–379.
  5. ^ Kennedy 1998, p. 343.
  6. ^ Collins 2016, pp. 27–28.
  7. ^ Collins 2016, p. 37.
  8. ^ Collins 2016, p. 39.
  9. ^ Collins 2016, p. 41.
  10. ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 380–382.
  11. ^ Collins 2016, p. 53.
  12. ^ Collins 2016, p. 54.
  13. ^ a b c d e Kennedy 1998, p. 382.
  14. ^ Collins 2016, p. 65.
  15. ^ Collins 2016, p. 61.
  16. ^ Collins 2016, p. 66.
  17. ^ a b c Collins 2016, p. 67.
  18. ^ a b c d e Langsdorf 2014, p. 86.
  19. ^ Tucker et al. 2013, p. 2279.
  20. ^ a b Jenkins 1906, p. 55.
  21. ^ a b c "Lexington II". National Park Service. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  22. ^ Monnett 1995, p. 52.
  23. ^ a b Official Records 1893, p. 574.
  24. ^ Sinisi 2020, pp. 178–179.
  25. ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 382–384.
  26. ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 384–386.
  27. ^ American Battlefield Protection Program 2011, p. 9.
  28. ^ American Battlefield Protection Program 2011, p. 21.
  29. ^ "Battle of Lexington State Historic Site". Missouri Department of Tourism. Retrieved October 14, 2020.

Sources

39°10′59″N 93°52′30″W / 39.18306°N 93.87500°W / 39.18306; -93.87500

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