Seneschal

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The word seneschal (

early Modern period – historically a steward or majordomo of a medieval great house.[1][2] In a medieval royal household, a seneschal was in charge of domestic arrangements and the administration of servants,[3]
which, in the medieval period particularly, meant the seneschal might oversee hundreds of laborers, servants and their associated responsibilities, and have a great deal of power in the community, at a time when much of the local economy was often based on the wealth and responsibilities of such a household.

A second meaning is more specific, and concerns the

bailli
).

In the United Kingdom the modern meaning of seneschal is primarily as an ecclesiastical term, referring to a cathedral official.[4]

Origin

The Medieval Latin discifer (dish-bearer) was an officer in the household of later Anglo-Saxon kings, and it is sometimes translated by historians as seneschal, although the term was not used in England before the Norman Conquest.[5][6]

The term, first attested in 1350–1400,[7] was borrowed from Anglo-Norman seneschal "steward", from Old Dutch *siniscalc "senior retainer" (attested in Latin siniscalcus (692 AD), Old High German senescalh), a compound of *sini- (cf. Gothic sineigs "old", sinista "oldest") and scalc "servant", ultimately a calque of Late Latin senior scholaris "senior guard".

The

great officers of state
, and in both cases the seneschal is synonymous with steward.

In France

In

crown charged with administration of a seneschalty (French: sénéchaussée), one of the districts of the crown lands in Gascony, Aquitaine, Languedoc and Normandy. Hallam states that the first seneschals to govern in this manner did so by an 1190 edict of Philip II
. The seneschals also served as the chief justice of the royal courts of appeal in their areas and were occasionally seconded by vice-seneschals.

The equivalent post throughout most of northern France was the

bailliage
).

Under rulers of England

In Anglo-Saxon England

Main article: Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England

In

Anglo-Saxon England dish-bearers (in Medieval Latin discifer or dapifer) were nobles who served at royal feasts. The term is often translated by historians as "seneschal".[5][16]

In Sark

Main article: Sark § Seneschal

The Seneschal of Sark presides over the Court of the Seneschal, which hears civil and some criminal cases.[17]

Papacy

Formerly, officers known as Seneschal Dapifers were involved in the ceremony of the papal conclave during the election of a new Pope, to see to mealtimes for the cardinal electors while ensuring secrecy. Cardinals regularly had meals sent in from their homes with much pageantry accompanying the conveyance of food:

Towards noon each day, the Cardinal's gentlemen proceeded to his house and conveyed his dinner to the Vatican in a state coach. They were accompanied by an officer, known as the Seneschal Dapifer, who was charged with the very important duty of seeing that the Cardinal's food was not poisoned! ... The dishes were enclosed in hampers or tin boxes, covered with green or violet drapery, and ... were carried in state through the entrance halls, preceded by the mace of the Cardinal. The Seneschal Dapifer, bearing a serviette on his shoulder, preceded the dishes.... Before the Cardinal received his dinner, each dish underwent a careful inspection by the prelates on guard, in order that no letter should be concealed in it.[18]

These ceremonies have not been observed since the nineteenth century.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Oxford University Press: Seneschal
  2. Encyclopaedia Perthensis; or Universal Dictionary of the Arts
    Volume 20 (1816), p. 437
  3. ^ The Free Dictionary: Seneschal.
  4. ^ "seneschal" Via the Free Dictionary. Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 HarperCollins Publishers
  5. ^
    ISSN 0263-6751
    .
  6. ^ Gautier, Alban (2017). "Butlers and dish-bearers in Anglo-Saxon courts: household officers at the royal table" (PDF). Historical Research: 7.
  7. ^ "Seneschal definition & meaning". merriam-webster.com.
  8. ^ Leo Wiener, Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Mediaeval Documents (Harvard UP, 1915; reprint Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 1999), 33-4.
  9. ^ D. H. Green, Language and history in the early Germanic world (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998), 110-2.
  10. ^ Wiener, 34.
  11. ^ 1[failed verification].
  12. ^ T. Stapleton (ed.), De Antiquis Legibus Liber. Cronica Maiorum et Vicecomitum Londiniarum, Camden Society, Series I no. 34 (London 1846), Appendix, pp. 237-38.
  13. ^ Fotheringham, James Gainsborough (1889). "Felton, William (d.1367)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 18. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 311.
  14. ^ Fotheringham, James Gainsborough (1889). "Felton, Thomas (d.1381)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 18. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 309–310.
  15. ^ Lee, Sidney (1887). "Chandos, John" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 10. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 43.
  16. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7
    .
  17. ^ "About the Seneschal's Court". Official Site for The Court of the Seneschal of Sark. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  18. ^ Wintle, W. J. (June 1903). "How the Pope is Elected: A Popular Account of the Conclave at Rome". London Magazine. 10: 569, 572–4.

Bibliography

External links

The dictionary definition of seneschal at Wiktionary

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