Seraphim of Sarov

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Diveevo Convent, Russia
Feast2 January, 19 July (opening of relics)
AttributesWearing peasant clothing, often kneeling with his hands upraised in prayer; crucifix worn about his neck; hands crossed over chest

Seraphim of Sarov (

receive the Holy Spirit
. Perhaps his most popular quotation amongst his devotees is "acquire a peaceful spirit, and thousands around you will be saved."

Seraphim was glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1903.

Life

Kurskaya Korennaya icon
Saint Seraphim feeding a bear outside of his hermitage (religious retreat) (from lithograph The Way to Sarov, 1903).
Pilgrimage site

Born 19 July (O.S.) 1754, Seraphim was

visions
.

In 1775, at the age of 17, he visited Dorothea of Kiev.

In 1777, at the age of 19, he joined the

Seraphim-Diveyevo Convent
.

Soon after this, Seraphim retreated to a log cabin in the woods outside Sarov monastery and led a solitary lifestyle as a hermit for 25 years. During this time his feet became swollen to the point that he had trouble walking. Sarov's eating and fasting habits became more strict. At first he ate bread obtained from the monastery and vegetables from his garden, then only vegetables. For three years, he ate only grass.[3]

Nicholas Motovilov, one of Seraphim's most well-known disciples
.

One day, while chopping wood, Seraphim was attacked by a gang of thieves who beat him mercilessly with the handle of his own axe. He never resisted, and was left for dead. The robbers never found the money they sought, only an icon of the Theotokos (Virgin Mary) in his hut. Seraphim had a hunched back for the rest of his life. However, at the thieves' trial he pleaded to the judge for mercy on their behalf. He spent five months in the monastery, recovering from his injuries and then returned to the wilderness.[3]

After this incident Seraphim spent 1,000 successive nights on a rock in continuous prayer with his arms raised to the sky, a feat of asceticism deemed miraculous by the Eastern Orthodox Church, especially considering the pain from his injuries.

In 1815, in obedience to a reputed

healing powers and gift of prophecy
. Hundreds of pilgrims per day visited him, drawn as well by his ability to answer his guests' questions before they could ask.

As extraordinarily harsh as Seraphim often was to himself, he was kind and gentle toward others – always greeting his guests with a prostration, a kiss, and exclaiming "Christ is risen!", and calling everyone "My joy". He died while kneeling before a tenderness icon of the Theotokos which he called "Joy of all Joys". This icon is kept currently in the chapel of the residence of the Patriarch of Moscow.

Relics, canonization and veneration

Wishing well at the pilgrim spot
Life sketch on a board
Hut where he lived

There was a widespread popular belief in Russia that a saint's remains were supposed to be

Sabbatius. Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra provided a new cypress coffin to receive the relics. The solemn canonisation (discovery of the relics) festivities took place in Sarov on 19 July (1 August) 1903 and were attended by the Tsar, his wife, his mother Empress Maria Feodorovna, and other senior members of the Imperial Family.[6][7]

On 18 July 1903, Metropolitan Anthony Vadkovsky of St. Petersburg officiated at the Last

Little Entrance, twelve archimandrites lifted the coffin from the middle of the church and carried it around the holy table
(altar), then placed it into a special shrine which had been constructed for it.

The festivities at Sarov ended with the

consecration of the first two churches dedicated to Saint Seraphim. The first had been constructed over his monastic cell in the wilderness of Sarov. The second church was consecrated on 22 July at the Diveyevo convent
.

Following the

Bolshevik Revolution, Soviet authorities severely persecuted religious groups. As part of their persecution of Christians, they confiscated many relics of saints, including Seraphim. Furthermore, his biographer Seraphim Chichagov, who came to become a metropolitan
, was arrested, sentenced to death and executed by firing squad in 1937 (and is also celebrated as a Russian Orthodox saint).

In 1991, Seraphim's relics were rediscovered after being hidden in a

) escorted the relics, on foot, all the way from Moscow to Diveyevo Convent, where they remain to this day.

On 19 October 2016, some relics of Seraphim were launched into space aboard the Soyuz MS-02.[8]

Seraphim is

Pope John Paul II also referred to him as a saint.[11]

Quotes

"Acquire a peaceful spirit, and around you thousands will be saved." "It is necessary that the Holy Spirit enter our heart. Everything good that we do, that we do for Christ, is given to us by the Holy Spirit, but prayer most of all, which is always available to us."[citation needed]

Seraphim and Old Believers

Chapel at the pilgrim spot
Stone where Seraphim prayed for 1000 nights
Statue portraying Saint Seraphim praying on the rock (Korennaya monastery, Kursk Oblast).

The available information about relations between Seraphim of Sarov and Russian

better source needed
]

According to some sources, the known problems with the beatification of Seraphim of Sarov did happen exactly due to his general support and sympathy towards the Old Believers tradition,[16][17] in which case the negative assessment of the old rite, ascribed to him, would have been interpreted as inventions of his followers, who tried to put their teacher in the most favorable light in the eyes of the official church functionaries.[18] It was also suggested that Seraphim could have descended from a family of Old Ritualists,[16] or from a family of secret, cryptic Old Believers (that were widespread in northern and eastern areas of Russia),[14][unreliable source] possibly with consequent gradual shift towards edinoverie.[15]

In spite of some (alleged) controversy, Seraphim was known, at least at the level of official hagiography, for his rejection of the Russian old rites.[19] The majority of old believers authors doubt virtually all the facts known about Seraphim, as well as the very legitimacy of his beatification,[20][21] and his name is often used in interdenominational polemics.[14][unreliable source]

Notes

  1. Kiev in 1913 had a special detailed explanation for this case that stressed that incorruptibility of a saint′s remains was not a sine qua non:

    ″Некоторые утверждают, будто мощи святых всегда и непременно суть совершенно нетленные, то есть совершенно целые, нисколько неразрушенные и неповрежденные тела. Но понимание слова „мощи“ непременно в смысле целого тела, а не частей его и преимущественно костей, – неправильно, и вводит в разногласие с греческой церковию, так как у греков вовсе не проповедуется учения, что мощи означают целое тело, и мощи наибольшей части святых в Греции и на Востоке (равно как и на Западе) суть кости. Самое нетление мощей всецерковным сознанием не считается общим непременным признаком для прославления святых угодников. История прославления святых показывает, что некоторые из чтимых нами святых были прославлены до открытия их мощей, некоторые прославлены спустя то или другое время и даже очень значительное время после открытия их мощей; мощи довольно многих прославленных святых никогда не были открываемы. Мощи многих святых и в настоящее время находятся под спудом: в большей части случаев это значит, что мощи совсем не были открываемы, в меньшей части значит, что были открываемы, но потом опять закрыты. Мощи святых, когда они нетленны, составляют чудо, но лишь дополнительное к тем чудесам, которые творятся чрез их посредство. Доказательство святости святых составляют те чудеса, которые творятся при их гробах, или от их мощей, а мощи, целые тела или только кости, суть дарованные нам, для поддержания в нас живейшего памятования о небесных молитвенниках за нас, священные и святые останки некоторых святых, которых мы должны чтить, как таковые, и суть те земные посредства, чрез которые Господь наиболее прославляет Свою чудодейственную силу.″

    tr. "Some argue that the relics of the saints are always and certainly completely incorruptible, that is, completely whole, not at all undisturbed and undamaged bodies. But the understanding of the word "power" is certainly in the sense of the whole body, and not of its parts and mainly of the bones, is wrong, and introduces it into disagreement with the Greek Church, since the Greeks do not preach the doctrine at all that relics mean the whole body, and the power of the largest part the saints in Greece and in the East (as well as in the West) are bones. The very incorruption of relics by the all-church consciousness is not considered a common indispensable sign for the glorification of saints. The history of the glorification of the saints shows that some of the saints we venerate were glorified before the discovery of their relics, some were glorified after one time or another and even a very significant time after the discovery of their relics; the relics of quite a few illustrious saints have never been revealed. The relics of many saints are still under wraps: in most cases this means that the relics were not opened at all, in a smaller part it means that they were opened, but then closed again. The relics of the saints, when they are incorruptible, constitute a miracle, but only in addition to those miracles that are performed through them. Proof of the holiness of the saints are the miracles that are performed at their tombs, or from their relics, and relics, whole bodies or only bones, are those given to us, to maintain in us the most vivid remembrance of heavenly prayer books for us, the sacred and holy remains of some saints, which we must honor, as such, and are those earthly means through which the Lord most glorifies His miraculous power."

    (С. В. Булгаков). [4]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Repose of Venerable Seraphim, Wonderworker of Sarov".
  2. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  3. ^ . Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  4. ^ Настольная книга для священно-церковно-служителей (tr. "Handbook for clergymen"). Kiev, 1913, р. 272 (footnote).)
  5. ^ "Деяние Святейшаго Синода 29 января 1903 г. о канонизации преподобного Серафима Саровского" [Deed of the Holy Synod on January 29, 1903 on the canonization of the Monk Seraphim of Sarov]. www.pravoslavie.ru. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  6. ^ "Саровские торжества 1903 года" [Sarov celebrations of 1903]. www.ippo.ru. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  7. ^ "1 августа – обретение мощей преподобного Серафима, Саровского чудотворца / Статьи / Патриархия.ru" [August 1 – uncovering of the relics of St. Seraphim, the miracle worker of Sarov / Articles / Patriarchy.ru]. Патриархия.ru. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  8. ^ "Soyuz MS-02 spacecraft docking the International Space Station". Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  9. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  10. ^ "For All the Saints / For All the Saints – A Resource for the Commemorations of the Calendar / Worship Resources/ Karakia/ ANZPB-HKMOA / Resources / Home – Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia". www.anglican.org.nz. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  11. .
  12. ^ "Преподобный Серафим Саровский и старообрядцы"[permanent dead link] (tr. "Venerable Seraphim of Sarov and the Old Believers") – an article at serafimushka.ru
  13. ^ Iconography of St. Seraphim of Sarov at diveevo.ru (in Russian)
  14. ^ a b c Discussion at a religious history forum Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine kuraev.ru
  15. ^ a b Сергей Чесноков. От отступничества к единоверию ("Sergey Chesnokov. From apostasy to common faith") Archived 13 January 2013 at archive.today
  16. ^ a b Кутузов Б.П. Церковная «реформа» ("Kutuzov B.P. Church "reform"") XVII века. М., 2003.
  17. ^ В.А. Степашкин. Преподобный Серафим Саровский: предания и факты ("V.A. Stepashkin. Venerable Seraphim of Sarov: legends and facts")
  18. ^ Преподобный старообрядец Серафим Саровский (tr. "Venerable Old Believer Seraphim of Sarov") – a chapter from a book of В.В. Смирнов "Падение III Рима"
  19. ^ Православные святые об еретичестве старообрядцев (tr. "Orthodox saints about the hereticism of the Old Believers") – in a journal "Меч и трость. Православный монархический журнал" ("Sword and cane. Orthodox monarchist magazine")
  20. ^ Никонианское «старчество» (tr. Nikonian "old age") – Андрей Езеров, as published atstaropomor.ru
  21. ^ В отсутствие святых (tr. "In the absence of the saints")] – Павел де Рико, Александр Духов (Paul de Rico, Alexander Dukhov), as published at staropomor.ru

Further reading

External links