Shikhara

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This article is about the type of architecture. For the wooden boats of Jammu and Kashmir, see Shikara. For other uses, see Shikara (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Chikara (disambiguation).
Latina in Khajuraho

Shikhara (

IAST: Śikhara), a Sanskrit word translating literally to "mountain peak", refers to the rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture of North India, and also often used in Jain temples. A shikhara over the garbhagriha chamber where the presiding deity is enshrined is the most prominent and visible part of a Hindu temple of North India.[1][2]

In South India, the equivalent term is vimana; unlike the shikhara, this refers to the whole building, including the sanctum beneath. In the south, shikhara is a term for the top stage of the vimana only, which is usually a dome capped with a finial;[3] this article is concerned with the northern form. The southern vimana is not to be confused with the elaborate gateway-towers of south Indian temples, called gopuram, which are often taller and more prominent features in large temples.

Forms

Shikhara can be classified into three main forms:[4]

  • Latina. The latina shikhara has four faces, which may include projections or ratha within each face. All the elements run smoothly up the face in a curve. They are also sometimes called "homogeneous" shikhara, as opposed to the next two types, which may be called "heterogeneous".[5] It is the most common form of a shikara.[6]
  • Sekhari. The sekhari shape has added engaged (attached) sub-spires or spirelets called urushringa, echoing the main shape. These may run up most of the face. There may be more than one size of these, sometimes called secondary and tertiary. Tertiary spirelets are typically near the ends of the face or on the corners.[7]
  • Bhumija. The tower has miniature spires, in horizontal and vertical rows, all the way to the top,[8] creating a grid-like effect on each face. The tower is generally less strongly vertical in overall shape, often approaching a pyramidal shape. This shape is mainly found in the northern Deccan and West India.[7]

History

The Mahabodhi Temple in 150–200 CE. Recent images of the plaque [1][2]
The Mahabodhi Temple: a stepped pyramid with stupa finial on top.[9]

The early history of the Hindu shikhara is unclear,

Buddhist Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya has a straight-sided shikhara tower over 55 metres (180 feet) high, with an amalaka near the top. The current structure dates from the Gupta Empire, in the 5th–6th century CE. When the temple acquired its shikhara tower, today considered more characteristic of Hindu temples, is uncertain.[11] However, the current structure of the Mahabodhi Temple may represent a restoration of earlier work of the 2nd or 3rd century CE.[9]

Greco-Roman pillars, and topped by a stupa.[9][14]

By at least 600 CE in Odisha,[15] and perhaps somewhat later in the Deccan Plateau and West India,[16] the Latina form of the shikhara is well-established, with an amalaka disk-stone at the top, and then a kalasha urn. There is often a sukanasa feature over the entrance door.[17]

The forms with smaller subsidiary spires begin in the 10th century,[18] and from then on tend to predominate. The Khajuraho Group of Monuments has several early forms from early in the century, though Latina ones reappear after about 1050, in examples like the Vamana Temple.[19] The bhumija spire probably first appears around 1000-1025, with other temples begun in the 1050s, such as the Shiv Mandir, Ambarnath.[20]

Major styles

Homogeneous Shikhara (but with rathas) of the Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar

Shikharas form an element in the many styles of

Nagara, Vesara, and Dravidian:[1]

In every style of shikhara/vimana, the structure culminates with a "kalasha", or urn for offerings, or water-pot, at its peak.

The three main styles
  • Nagara shikhara of Rameshwar Temple in Bhubaneswar
    Nagara shikhara of Rameshwar Temple in Bhubaneswar
  • Dravidian vimana of Murudeshwara Temple
    Dravidian
    Murudeshwara
    Temple
  • Vesara style of Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura. Towers are in 16 pointed star plan.
    Vesara style of
    Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura
    . Towers are in 16 pointed star plan.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shikharas.

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-11-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ "Shikhara". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  3. ^ Harle, 167
  4. ^ Hardy, 270
  5. ^ Volwahsen, Andreas (1968). Inde bouddhique, hindoue, jaïn (Architecture universelle ed.). Fribourg (Suisse): Office du Livre. pp. 143–147.
  6. ^ Hardy, 270-272
  7. ^ a b Hardy, 273-274
  8. ^ "bhumija (Indian architecture)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  9. ^ a b c Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, pp.238-248
  10. ^ Harle, 111, 136-139
  11. ^ Harle, 201; Michell, 228-229
  12. ^ Sarkar, Gurudas; Shepherd, Charles; Bourne, Samuel (1922). "Notes on the History of Shikhara Temples". Rupam - an Illustrated Quarterly Journal of Oriental Art (10).
  13. ^ Buddhist Architecture, Le Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.242
  14. ISBN 9781118007396
    .
  15. ^ Harle, 158-159
  16. ^ Harle, 136-139, 166-171
  17. ^ Harle, 140
  18. ^ Harle, 219
  19. ^ Harle, 232-235
  20. ^ Harle, 230-232
  21. ^ Harle, 246
  22. ^ Harle, 246, 249

References

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