Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell

St. Patrick's Bell Shrine
Material	Bell: Iron, bronze Shrine: bronze, silver, gold, glass, rock crystal
Size	Bell: Height: 20 cm (7.9 in) Shrine: height: 23 cm (9.1 in)
Created	Bell: 800-900 Shrine: c. 1094-1105[1]
Period/culture	Early Medieval, Insular, Romanesque
Present location	National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin
Identification	Shrine: NMI, R4011[2]

The Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell is a bell shrine reliquary completed c. 1094–1105 in County Armagh, Ireland, to contain a c. 500 iron hand-bell traditionally associated with the Irish patron saint Saint Patrick (d. 5th-century). Inscriptions on the back of the shrine record that it was commissioned after 1091 by the Uí Néill High King Domnall Ua Lochlainn and completed c. 1105 by the metalworker Cú Dúilig, about whom nothing is known.^[3] Both objects are historically significant, with the bell being one of the few Irish very-early medieval artifacts with a continuous provenance lasting from around the 8th century to the present, and the shrine being a highpoint of Irish metalwork from the late Insular and early Romanesque periods.

The bell is made from

Both objects were kept together for centuries by their hereditary keepers until acquired by the Irish state in the late-19th century.^[4] Today both are on permanent display in the Treasury room of the archaeology branch of the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) in Dublin. An early 20th century copy is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.^[5]

Providence

Both the bell and shrine were held for centuries by their hereditary keepers the Ó Maellchallain family. The objects had been for a period buried in their garden until the early 19th century, when the last member of the family, a cleric, asked Adam McLean, a merchant from Belfast, to dig them up. They soon after passed into the possession of antiquarians.^[6] The bell and shrine were eventually acquired by the Royal Irish Academy for £500,^[7] and passed into the collection of the National Museum of Ireland in the late 19th century.

Description

Bell

Bronze hand-bells (Irish: clog) are one of the most numerous surviving forms of early medieval relics in Ireland,^[8] and were typically passed between successive generations of abbots and clerics. St. Patrick's bell is one of the most well-known and one of the few Irish objects whose provenance can be traced back 1400 years;^[9] it dates from c. 500,^[10] although its tongue may be a later addition.^[11] Earlier known as the "Clog-Phadruig", "Clog an Edachta", or the "Bell of Armagh",^[12] it is thought to have once belonged to the Irish patron saint Patrick,^[8] and to have been buried with him — the Annals of Ulster record that in 552 Colmcille recovered three relics from Patrick's grave. There are presumed to have been either his chalice, manuscript, staff and his bell.^[11] Legendarily, an angel asked Columcille to donate the cup to County Down and the bell to Armagh.^[6]

The bell is 20 cm (7.9 in) high, weighs 1.7 kg (3.7 lb), and is trapezoidal and sloping in shape.^[13] It is formed from two sheets of iron which were hammered into shape and joined with rivets. The bell was coated by dipping the iron onto melted bronze.^[11][14] It has a curved crest which holds a separately cast handle.^[4]

An early "Life of Patrick", the bilingual Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii, details several stories mentioning bell-relics associated with Patrick. A number recall his battle on Croagh Patrick and draw influence from the Collectanea where his "anger grew against [the blackbirds]. He strikes his bell, so that the men of Ireland heard its voice, and he flung it at them so its gap out of it and that [bell] is Brigit's Gapling".^[15]

Shrine

Saint's hand-bells were

The top of the crest is lined with a hollow

The main body is built from a grid of silver gilt panels holding a number of smaller inserts. The larger panels are divided into quadrilaterals set in a cross shape.^[21] This section once held thirty panels of gold filigree and zoomorphic interlace, although a number of these have been damaged or lost and are now either replaced with coloured stones or empty.^[17] The positioning and intricacy of the individual panels indicates that the shrine was modeled in advance on a flat surface with a compass and T-square, achieving equal ratios and measures of mathematical distance, proportion, volume and line.^[22]

Sides and reverse

Both of the shrine's short-sides contain a pair of openwork silver and gilt panels filled with interlace and separated vertically by an openwork frame. They each have a perforated cube and rings that were once used to attach carrying chains (lost since the 19th century),^[17] while the base plate is loose and could be slid open so as to remove the bell.^[16]

The reverse is in the same shape as the front plate, but does not contain the bilateral symmetry characteristic of the front and sides, and lacks the "circle and cross" patterns prevalent on the front.^[23] Its body comprises an openwork silver plate containing diagonal rows of interlocking patterns arranged in patterns and colouring similar those on the backs of the 11th century portions of the Soiscél Molaisse and the Cathach. The crest on the back is also decorated, but is plainer and in lower relief than the front.^[4] The shrine is the only extant bell-relic associated with Patrick, out of the few mentioned in various pre-1200 AD texts and accounts. Two of these now lost shrines were named the "Bernàn" (the gapped bell), and "the Findfaidech" (the sweet-sounding bell, mentioned before 947).^[24]

• 
  Openwork crosses on the reverse
• 
  Detail of patterns on the body of the front side
• 
  General view of the right hand side

Inscriptions

The shrine's backplate contains inscriptions running continuously round the edge.^[25] They are interpreted as recording the names of Ua Lochlainn, who commissioned the work, its keeper Cathalan Ua Maelchallain (Bishop of Armagh from 1091 to 1105), and its craftsman Cú Dúilig and his sons.^[4]

The inscriptions read: OR DO DOMNALL U LACHLAIND LASINDERN AD IN CLOCSA / OCUS DO DOMNALL CHOMARBA PHATRAIC ICONDER NAD OCUS DOD CHATHALAN U MAELCHALLAND DO MAER IN CH LUIC / OCUS DO CHONDULIG U INMAINEN CONA MACCAIB ROCUMTAIG ("Pray for Domnall Ua Lochlainn for whom was made this bell, and for Domnall, coarb of Patrick, in whose house (it) was made, and for Cathalan ua M?el Challand, for the keeper of this bell, and for C? D?ilig Ua Inmainen, with his sons, (who) enshrined it").^[25]

References

Sources

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