Sleipner gas field
Sleipner gas field | |
---|---|
Total S.A. | |
Field history | |
Discovery | 1974 |
Production | |
Current production of gas | 36×10 6 m3/d (1.3×10 9 cu ft/d) |
Year of current production of gas | 2005 |
Estimated gas in place | 51.6×10 9 m3 (1.82×10 12 cu ft) |
The Sleipner gas field is a
Reserves and production
As of the end of 2005, the estimated recoverable reserves for the Sleipner West and East fields were 51.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 4.4 million tonnes (4.9 million short tons) of
Sleipner field consists of four platforms. The field is planted with 18 production wells.
Carbon capture and storage project
The Sleipner Vest (West) field is used as a facility for carbon capture and storage (CCS).[1][8][9] It is the world's first offshore CCS plant, operative since September 15, 1996.[10][11] The project, in the initial year, proved insecure due to sinking top sand.[10] However, after a re-perforation and an installation of a gravel layer in August 1997, CCS operations were secure.[10] As of 2018, one million tonnes of CO2 have been transported and injected into the formation yearly since 1996.[7][12] The project summary reports a capacity of up to 600 billion tonnes (~660 billion tons).[7]
The Sleipner West field has up to 9% CO2 concentration; Norway only allows 2.5% CO2 before imposing production export quality penalties, which may have been NOK 1 million/day ( ~$120,000US/ day).
Explicitly regulated under
Natural gas pipelines' operator Gassco had proposed to build a 240-kilometre (150 mi) carbon dioxide pipeline from Kårstø to transport carbon dioxide from the now decommissioned Kårstø power station.[18] While injection pipelines do not succumb to rusting when transporting CO2,[7] transport pipelines experience low temperatures and high pressures, resulting in dew formation, and subsequently, rust.[12]
Miocene Utsira Formation
The Miocene Utsira Formation is a large aquifer with a stable, layered clay seal.[15] Distributed through multiple phases as a result of sea-level variations caused by glacial events in the Pliocene period, deposits date back to the late Miocene/ early Pliocene to early Pleistocene times, determined by palynology.[19] Upper Pliocene deltaic sand deposits blanket the formation with the highest top sands located roughly 150 meters below sea level.[15] Measured with 3D seismic data, the Utsira sandstone lies underneath 800–1000 meters of sediment under the sea with a maximum thickness of over 300 meters.[7][15] The Utsira stretches 450 kilometers north to south and 90 kilometers east to west.[15] In the north and south lie deep sand systems, while in the middle region slimmer deposits cover the seafloor.[15] The Tampen area, located in the most northern region, contains lean deposits of glauconitic sand.[15]
See also
References
- ^ ISSN 1876-6102.
- ^ a b "Sleipner West". Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine. 2007-07-28. ]
- ^ a b
"Sleipner East". Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine. 2007-07-28. ISSN 1500-709X. Archived from the originalon 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ "field". factpages.npd.no. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
- ^ )
- ^ "Statoil shuts Sleipner B, transit intact". Reuters. 2009-12-18. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ a b c d e f "Sleipner Project". IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ Haugan, Bjørn-Erik (2005). "Technology as a driving force in climate policy". Cicerone (6): 8–9. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ "Oil group buries greenhouse gas under sea". CNN. Reuters. 2003-11-19. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ ISSN 1876-6102.
- ^
"Sleipner Vest". Statoil. 2007-08-20. Archived from the originalon 2009-12-16. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ ISSN 0021-9568.
- ^ a b "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT".
- ISSN 0360-5442.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "CO2 Storage: Case Study on the Sleipner Gas field in Norway - Bellona.org". Bellona.org. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
- ^ ISSN 0016-8033.
- ISSN 1075-9565.
- ^ Vibeke Laroi (2009-11-19). "Gassco Will Propose Pipeline to Transport CO2 From Kaarstoe". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ "Norwegian Journal of Geology". njg.geologi.no. Retrieved 2018-11-19.