Snowclone

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A snowclone is a

Inuit words for snow.[1]

History and derivation

The linguistic phenomenon of "a multi-use, customizable, instantly recognizable, time-worn, quoted or misquoted phrase or sentence that can be used in an entirely open array of different variants" was originally described by linguist Geoffrey K. Pullum in 2003.[2] Pullum later described snowclones as "some-assembly-required adaptable cliché frames for lazy journalists".[1]

In an October 2003 post on

term of art the next day.[1] The term was derived by Whitman from journalistic clichés referring to the number of Eskimo words for snow[1] and incorporates a pun on the snow cone.[3]

The term "snowclone" has since been adopted by other linguists, journalists, and authors.[3][4]

Snowclones are related to both memes and clichés, according to the Los Angeles Times's David Sarno: "Snowclones are memechés, if you will: meme-ified clichés with the operative words removed, leaving spaces for you or the masses to Mad Lib their own versions."[5]

Notable examples

Eskimo words for snow

Main article: Eskimo words for snow

Pullum, in his first discussion of what would later be called a snowclone, offered the following example of a template describing multiple variations of a journalistic cliché he had encountered: "If Eskimos have N words for snow, X surely have M words for Y."[2] Pullum cited this as a popular rhetorical trope used by journalists to imply that cultural group X has reason to spend a great deal of time thinking about the specific idea Y,[6][7] although the basic premise (that Eskimos have a larger number of words for snow) is often disputed by those who study Eskimo (Inuit and Yupik) languages.[8]

In 2003, an article in The Economist stated, "If Eskimos have dozens of words for snow, Germans have as many for bureaucracy."[9] A similar construction in the Edmonton Sun in 2007 claimed that "auto manufacturers have 100 words for beige".[10]

In space, no one can hear you X

The original request from Geoffrey Pullum, in addition to citing the Eskimos-and-snow namesake of the term snowclone, mentioned a poster slogan for the 1979 film Alien, "In space, no one can hear you scream", which was cloned into numerous variations stating that in space, no one can hear you belch, bitch, blog, cream, DJ, dream, drink, etc.[2]

X is the new Y

Frequently seen snowclones include phrases in the form of the template "X is the new Y". The original (and still common) form is the template "X is the new black", apparently based on a misquotation of Diana Vreeland's 1962 statement that pink is "the navy blue of India".[11] According to language columnist Nathan Bierma, this snowclone provides "a tidy and catchy way of conveying an increase, or change in nature, or change in function – or all three – of X".[12]

Examples include a 2001 album titled

Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black
.

The mother of all X

Saddam Hussein was associated with the popularization of the phrase "the mother of all..." in the West.

"The mother of all X", a

Word of the Year.[17] The term "Father of All Bombs" was created by an analogy.[citation needed
]

The Arabic phrase originated from an

Arab victory over the Sassanian Persians in 636 CE, described with the earliest known use of the phrase "mother of all battles" (Arabic: ام المعارك umm al-ma‘ārik). Although popularly used to mean "greatest" or "ultimate", the Arabic umm al- prefix creates a figurative phrase in which "mother" also suggests that the referent will give rise to many more of its kind.[18][19] The phrase was used in the naming of a mosque in Baghdad, the Umm al-Ma'arik Mosque.[citation needed
]

X-ing while Y

The template "X-ing while black", and its original popular construction "

driving while intoxicated", and refer to black people being pulled over by police solely because of their race.[20][21] A prominent variant, "voting while black", surfaced during the U.S. presidential elections of 2000 and 2004 in reference to attempts to suppress black votes.[20] Snowclones of this form, highlighting the unequal treatment of black people, have included "walking while black" for pedestrian offenses,[22][23] "learning while black" for students in schools,[24] "drawing while black" for artists,[21] and "shopping while black"[25][26] or "eating while black"[22] for customers in stores and restaurants. A 2017 legal case prompted the variant "talking while black".[27]

The template has been applied to other groups; the term "flying while Muslim" appeared post-9/11 to describe disproportionate suspicion shown towards airline passengers perceived to be from the Middle East.[28]

To X or not to X

"To X or not to X" is a template based on the line "To be, or not to be", spoken by the titular character in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet (around 1600).[29] This template appears to have existed even before Hamlet and had previously been explicitly used in a religious context to discuss "actions that are at once contradictory and indifferent—actions that, because they are neither commanded nor prohibited by Scripture, good nor evil in themselves, Christians are free to perform or omit".[30]

In general usage, "to X or not to X" simply conveys "

contrastive disjunction unrelated to the Shakespearean snowclone template.[29]

Have X, will travel

Have Gun – Will Travel, 1959

The earliest known literary mention of the template "Have X, will travel" is the title of the book Have Tux, Will Travel, a 1954 memoir by comedian

tuxedo, will travel" was a stock phrase used in short advertisements placed by actors in Variety, indicating that the actor was "ready to go any place any time" and to be "dressed classy" upon arrival.[31][32] The use of variations of this template by job seekers goes back considerably earlier, dating to at least the 1920s, possibly around 1900, in The Times of London.[33]

Variants of the snowclone were used in the titles of the 1957 Western television show Have Gun – Will Travel, Robert A. Heinlein's 1958 novel Have Space Suit—Will Travel,[34][35] Richard Berry's 1959 song "Have Love, Will Travel", Bo Diddley's 1960 album Have Guitar Will Travel, The Three Stooges' 1959 film Have Rocket, Will Travel and Joe Perry's 2009 album Have Guitar, Will Travel.

X considered harmful

Main article: Considered harmful

"X considered harmful", an established journalistic cliché since at least the mid-20th century, generally appears in the titles of articles as "a way for an editor to alert readers that the writer is going to be expressing negative opinions about X."

GOTO statement in computer programming.[36][37] The editor of Communications of the ACM, Niklaus Wirth, was responsible for giving the letter its evocative title.[38]

X as a service

Main article: As a service

"X as a service" (XaaS) is a business model in which a product use is offered as a subscription-based service rather than as an artifact owned and maintained by the customer. Originating from the software as a service concept that appeared in the 2010s with the advent of cloud computing,[39] the template has expanded to numerous offerings in the field of information technology and beyond it, as in mobility as a service.[40]

Similar concepts

In 1995, linguist David Crystal referred to this kind of trope as a "catch structure", citing as an example the phrase "to boldly split infinitives that no man had split before", as originally used in Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy radio series (1978).[41] The phrase references Star Trek ("... to boldly go where no man has gone before"), humorously highlighting the use of a split infinitive as an intentional violation of a disputed traditional rule of grammar.[42]

In the study of folklore, the related concept of a

proverbial phrase has a long history of description and analysis. There are many kinds of such wordplay, as described in various studies of written and oral sources.[43]

Liberated suffixes

Main article: Libfix

Suffixes created from a shortened form of a word are sometimes called snowclones,

-gate suffix drawn from the Watergate scandal, or the Italian -opoli, abstracted from the Tangentopoli scandal.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Pullum, Geoffrey K. (January 16, 2004). "Snowclones: lexicographical dating to the second". Language Log. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d Pullum, Geoffrey K. (October 27, 2003). "Phrases for lazy writers in kit form". Language Log. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  3. ^
    doi:10.1109/SPEC.2008.4445783. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link
    )
  4. ISBN 978-0-618-57122-2
    .
  5. ^ Sarno, David (August 6, 2008). "Web Scout: The snowclone". Los Angeles Times Blog.[dead link].
  6. ^ Liberman, Mark (June 18, 2005). "Etymology as argument". Language Log. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  7. ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. (October 21, 2003). "Bleached conditionals". Language Log. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  8. doi:10.1075/hl.37.3.03cic. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on July 29, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  9. ^ "Germany's bureaucracy – Breathe or be strangled: The government declares war on red tape—and may win a skirmish or two". The Economist. October 9, 2003. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  10. ISBN 9781101217184
    . Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  11. ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (December 28, 2006). "On the trail of 'the new black' (and 'the navy blue')". Language Log. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017.
  12. ^ Peters, Mark (July–August 2006). "Not Your Father's Cliché". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ Jupitus, Phill (June 2, 2008). "Comedy is the new rock 'n' roll (again)". The Times. London. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  14. ISBN 9780199567065
    .
  15. ^ Cowell, Alan (September 22, 1990). "Confrontation in the Gulf: Leaders Bluntly Prime Iraq for 'Mother of All Battles'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017.
  16. ^ Atkinson, Rick; Broder, David S. (January 17, 1991). "U.S., Allies Launch Massive Air War Against Targets in Iraq and Kuwait". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017.
  17. ^ "All of the Words of the Year, 1990 to Present". American Dialect Society. 2015. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017.
  18. ISBN 9780195343342
    . Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  19. ISBN 9780486797168
    . Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-0-375-70242-6
    .
  21. ^ a b Balkisson, Kamaria (November 2017). "Digital Arts: Uncaped Crusaders". The Africa Report. Paris: Groupe Jeune Afrique. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  22. ^ a b Coolican, J. Patrick (November 21, 2003). "Chief vows to root out profiling by Patrol". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016.
  23. ^ Mosedale, Mike (February 28, 2007). "Critics say a Minneapolis law criminalizes walking while black: What Lurks Beneath?". City Pages. Vol. 28, no. 1369. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008.
  24. ^ Morse, Jodie (June 5, 2002). "Learning While Black". Time. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016.
  25. ^ Harris, Anne-Marie G. (2003). "Shopping While Black: Applying 42 U.S.C. § 1981 to Cases of Consumer Racial Profiling". Boston College Third World Law Journal (PDF). 23 (1). Archived from the original on November 2, 2017.
  26. ^ Norman, Anna (March 23, 2009). "'Shopping While Black': Would You Stop Racism?". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017.
  27. ^ Baron, Dennis (November 4, 2017). "Miranda and the Louisiana Lawyer Dog: A case of talking while black". The Web of Language. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  28. ^ Ragavan, Chitra (February 13, 2007). "Islamic Activists Ask, Is There a 'Flying While Muslim' Bias?". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2017. There's a new term of art, 'Flying While Muslim' ... intended to draw parallels to the American phenomenon known as 'driving while black'...
  29. ^ a b c Zwicky, Arnold (October 25, 2005). "To Snowclone or Not to Snowclone". Language Log. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  30. ^
    S2CID 194951609. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2017. In its most general use, to X or not to X denotes the disjunction between contradictory alternatives. But the form also acquired a more specific function in the Reformation discourse of Christian liberty... Though discussions of this sort occurred most frequently in theological writings, Elizabethan
    parishioners attending services each week would have likely heard preachers fill to X or not to X with a variety of verbs...
  31. ^ "have". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  32. Hoofers
    , comedians and singers used to put ads in Variety. Those ads read: 'Have tuxedo, will travel'. It meant they were ready to go any place, any time... It also meant that they would be dressed classy when they showed up.
  33. ISBN 978-1-4616-6040-8
    .
  34. ^ J. Daniel Gifford (2000), Robert A. Heinlein: a reader's companion, p. 98.
  35. ^ "A Boy and His Space Suit (Have Space Suit — Will Travel — Robert A. Heinlein)", a review by James Nicoll.
  36. ^ a b c Liberman, Mark (April 8, 2008). "Language Log: Considered harmful". Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  37. S2CID 17469809
    .
  38. ^ Dijkstra, Edsger W. EWD-215 (PDF). E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. (transcription)
  39. ^ "What is XaaS (Anything as a Service)?". SearchCloudComputing. August 12, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  40. ^ Uppala, Raj (August 28, 2018). "The need for Transportation as a Service (TaaS) Platforms". Medium. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  41. ISBN 9780521401791
    .
  42. Fowler, H. W.; Gowers, Ernest (1965). "Split infinitive". A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press
    .
  43. JSTOR 1498905
    .
  44. ^ Marsh, David (February 1, 2010). "Mind your language". The Guardian. Retrieved June 21, 2017. All these gates are examples of a snowclone, a type of clichéd phrase defined by the linguist Geoffrey Pullum as 'a multi-use, customisable, instantly recognisable, timeworn, quoted or misquoted phrase or sentence that can be used in an entirely open array of different variants'. Examples of a typical snowclone are: grey is the new black, comedy is the new rock'n'roll, Barnsley is the new Naples, and so on.
  45. ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. (February 2, 2010). "Snowclonegate". Retrieved June 21, 2017. Xgate as a snowclone? Not quite. I see the conceptual similarity, but the very words he quotes show that I originally defined the concept (in this post) as a phrase or sentence template. The Xgate frame is a lexical word-formation analog of it, an extension of the concept from syntax into derivational morphology.
  46. ^ Maier, Eleanor (August 16, 2012). "The 'gate' suffix – Gli scandali italiani: '-opoli'". Oxford English Dictionary (Blog). UK: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019.

Further reading

External links

Look up snowclone or Appendix:Snowclones in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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