1992 Los Angeles riots: Difference between revisions
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The most accurate documented count of the dead may be the April 24, 2002 [[LA Weekly]] article, "The L.A. 53", by Jim Crogan. Using coroner's reports, police records and interviews, he documented 53 people and how they died. |
The most accurate documented count of the dead may be the April 24, 2002 [[LA Weekly]] article, "The L.A. 53", by Jim Crogan. Using coroner's reports, police records and interviews, he documented 53 people and how they died. |
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==Underlying causes== |
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In addition to the immediate trigger of the verdict, many other factors were cited as reasons for the unrest, including extremely high unemployment among residents of [[South Central Los Angeles]], which had been hit very hard by the [[Late 1980s recession|nation-wide recession]]. Economic factors such as poverty<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/29/local/me-riots29 15 years after L.A. riots, tension still high]</ref> and high levels of unemployment<ref>[www.cityresearch.com/pubs/la_riot.pdf The Los Angeles Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest]</ref> are argued to have contributed to the riots. |
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Moreover, a long-standing perception that the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD) engaged in [[racial profiling]] and used excessive force, subsequently supported by the [[Christopher Commission]], an investigation led by [[Warren Christopher]] (who would become Secretary of State the following year under President [[Bill Clinton]]); and specific anger over the sentence given to a [[Korean American]] shop-owner for the killing of [[Latasha Harlins]], an [[African American]] girl. |
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Then Republican Vice President [[Dan Quayle]], however; [[Dan_Quayle#Vice_Presidency|blamed]] a "Poverty of Values"{{ndash}}"I believe the lawless social anarchy which we saw is directly related to the breakdown of family structure, personal responsibility and social order in too many areas of our society"<ref>[http://www.commonwealthclub.org/archive/20thcentury/92-05quayle-speech.html THE VICE PRESIDENT SPEAKS]</ref> |
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==Media coverage== |
==Media coverage== |
Revision as of 16:19, 11 April 2009
The Los Angeles Riots of 1992, also known as the Rodney King uprising or the Rodney King riots, were sparked on
Background
On
The police officers claimed that King appeared to be under the influence of
The Los Angeles DA subsequently charged four police officers with assault and three of the four with use of excessive force.[6] Due to heavy media coverage of the arrest, the trial received a change of venue from Los Angeles County to a newly constructed courthouse in the predominantly white city of Simi Valley in neighboring Ventura County. No Simi Valley residents served on the jury, which was drawn from the nearby San Fernando Valley, a predominantly white and Hispanic area, and composed of ten whites, one Hispanic, and one Asian.[7] The prosecutor, Terry White, was black.[8][9]
On April 29, 1992, the seventh day of jury deliberations, the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of the four of using excessive force. The jury could not agree on a verdict for the fourth officer charged with using excessive force.[7] The verdicts were based in part on the first two seconds of a blurry, 13-second segment of the video tape that was edited out by television news stations in their broadcast.[10] During the first two seconds of videotape[11], Rodney King allegedly gets up off the ground and charges in the general direction of one of the police officers, Laurence Powell, but this allegation is disputed due to the blurriness of the video. During the next minute and 19 seconds, however, King is beaten continuously by the officers. The officers testified that they tried to physically restrain King prior to the starting point of the videotape but, according to the officers, King was able to physically throw them off himself.[12] Based on this testimony and the previously unseen segment of the videotape, the officers were acquitted on almost all charges.
Another theory offered by the prosecution for the officers' acquittal is that the jurors may have become desensitized to the violence of the beating, as the defense played the videotape repeatedly in slow motion, breaking it down until its emotional impact was lost.[13]
Riot
The riots, beginning in the evening after the verdict, peaked in intensity over the next two days, but ultimately continued for several days. Television coverage of the riots was near-continuous, including much footage from helicopter news crews. A curfew, and deployment of the
Fifty-three lives were lost, many of them murdered, [citation needed] with as many as 2,000 people injured. Estimates of the material damage done vary between about $800 million and $1 billion. Approximately 3,600 fires were set, destroying 1,100 buildings, with fire calls coming once every minute at some points. Stores owned by Korean and other Asian immigrants were widely targeted, although stores owned by whites and African-Americans were targeted by rioters as well. Street gangs used the riot as an opportunity to settle scores with each other, and fought the police and military as well.
First day (Wednesday, April 29)
The acquittals of the four accused LAPD officers came at 3:15 p.m. local time. By 3:45, a generally peaceful crowd of more than 300 people had appeared at the Los Angeles County Courthouse, most protesting the verdict passed down a half an hour earlier. Between 5 and 6 p.m., a group of two dozen officers, commanded by LAPD Lt. Michael Moulin, confronted a growing crowd at the intersection of Florence and Normandie in
Reginald Denny beating
At approximately 6:45 p.m., Reginald Oliver Denny, a white truck driver who stopped at a traffic light at the intersection of Florence and South Normandie Avenues, was dragged from his vehicle and severely beaten by a mob of local black residents as news helicopters hovered above, recording every blow, including a concrete fragment connecting with Denny's temple and a cinder block thrown at his head as he lay unconscious in the street. The police never appeared, having been ordered to withdraw for their own safety, although several assailants (the so-called
Fidel Lopez beating
At the same intersection, just minutes after Denny was rescued, another beating was captured on video tape. Fidel Lopez, a self-employed construction worker and Guatemalan immigrant, was ripped from his truck and robbed of nearly $2,000.
The riots continue
Arsonists struck in that neighborhood and others, taking out their anger on several unguarded businesses, police and other
By 9:00 p.m., the protest at
Long-established LAPD tactics and procedures held that the opening hours of a riot were critical, and that a full-force response was required. The LAPD did not respond quickly and decisively in the opening hours, however, and suffered persistent criticism as a result during and following the riots.
Second day (Thursday, April 30)
By the second day violence appeared widespread and unchecked as heavy
In an attempt to end hostilities, Bill Cosby spoke on the NBC affliate television station KNBC and asked people to stop what they were doing and instead watch the final episode of The Cosby Show.[18][19]
The same members of LAPD
Third day (Friday, May 1)
The third day was punctuated by live footage of Rodney King asking, "People, I just want to say, you know, can we all get along?"
Friday evening, President
By this point, many entertainment and sports events were postponed or canceled. The
Fourth day (Saturday, May 2)
On the fourth day, 4,000
Whether in response to the riots, or simply to the acquittal, on May 2 the Justice Department announced it would begin a federal investigation of the Rodney King beating.
Fifth day (Sunday, May 3)
Overall quiet set in and Mayor Bradley assured the public that the crisis was, more or less, under control.[24] In one incident, National Guardsmen shot and killed a motorist that they said tried to run them over.[25]
Sixth day (Monday, May 4)
Although Mayor Bradley lifted the curfew, signaling the official end of the riots, sporadic violence and crime continued for a few days afterward. Schools, banks, and businesses reopened. Federal troops did not stand down until May 9; the state guard remained until May 14; and some soldiers remained as late as May 27.
The most accurate documented count of the dead may be the April 24, 2002 LA Weekly article, "The L.A. 53", by Jim Crogan. Using coroner's reports, police records and interviews, he documented 53 people and how they died.
Underlying causes
In addition to the immediate trigger of the verdict, many other factors were cited as reasons for the unrest, including extremely high unemployment among residents of
are argued to have contributed to the riots.Moreover, a long-standing perception that the
Then Republican Vice President Dan Quayle, however; blamed a "Poverty of Values"–"I believe the lawless social anarchy which we saw is directly related to the breakdown of family structure, personal responsibility and social order in too many areas of our society"[28]
Media coverage
This article possibly contains original research. (February 2009) |
Ronald N. Jacobs’s book, Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society: From the Watts Riots to Rodney King, covers some of the basic effects of the media prior and during the Rodney King beating and Riot. [29]
Media coverage prior to the riots
The media, especially the daily press and television, played a huge role in the story immediately after the beating. Coverage related to the beating was published tremendously during the initial two weeks after the beating: the
Media coverage during the riot
Almost as soon as the disturbances broke out in South Central, local TV cameras were on the scene and in the air to record the events as they happened. Los Angeles' seven major television stations broadcast nearly continuous live coverage of the disorder for the first two days of the rioting, and their coverage remained comprehensive for the next week. By virtue of their extensive coverage, mainstream television stations provided a vivid, comprehensive and valuable record of the carnage, violence and destruction occurring on the streets of L.A.[30]
There were two different perspectives of the participants during the riot.[citation needed] One side took the riot and turned into a romanticized drama. They portrayed the riot participants as heroic and fighting the evil giants of the Los Angeles Police Department and its leader, Police Chief Daryl Gates.[citation needed]
There was also a second romantic narrative formed during the course of the riot by the Los Angeles Sentinel; it placed the African-American community as a whole as the hero in the riot.[citation needed] The Sentinel's articles seemed to suggest that American society was deeply flawed, and that the African-American community was destined to ultimately change society for the better. They viewed the African-American community as the sole voice for unity and morality, and the only ones that could solve the crisis.[citation needed] The Rodney King beating was a breaking point for the African-American community, and they decided it was time to unleash their full potential and power on the city.
However, not all media portrayed the rioters as heroic. Both the
There was also the use of a tragic frame by various newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times.[citation needed] The key to a tragic frame is to relinquish all hope, regardless of how just a cause is. To accomplish this they made a hero out of the riot participants, however they also made it clear that a victory was impossible.[citation needed] This was achieved by not so much relying heavily on the details of the Rodney King beating, but to relate it to a larger historical context.[citation needed]
Aftermath
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
In the aftermath of the riots, pressure mounted for a retrial of the officers, and federal charges of
The decision was read in an atypical 7:00 a.m. Saturday court session on
These precautionary measures proved an effective deterrent and no further force was needed.All four of the officers involved have since quit or have been fired from the LAPD. Officer Theodore Briseno left the LAPD after being acquitted on federal charges. Officer Timothy Wind, who was also acquitted a second time, was fired after the appointment of Willie L. Williams as Chief of Police. Chief Williams' tenure was also short-lived. The Los Angeles Police Commission declined to renew his contract, citing Williams' failure to fulfill his mandate to create meaningful change in the department in the wake of the Rodney King disaster.[34]
Rodney King was awarded 3.8 million dollars in damages from the City of Los Angeles for the brutal attack. He invested most of this money in founding a record label, “Straight Alta-Pazz Records”. The venture was unable to garner any success and soon folded. Since the arrest which culminated in his severe beating by the four police officers, King has been arrested eleven times on a variety of misdemeanor charges, including domestic abuse and hit-and-run. [35]
The Korean American community in Los Angeles refers to the event as "Sa-I-Gu" (literally 4-29, the first day the riots broke out). The riots prompted various responses from the Korean community, including the formation of activist organisations such as the Association of Korean American Victims, and increased efforts to build bridges with other ethnic groups. [37]
In popular culture
The Los Angeles riots had a broad impact on popular culture that still continues, influencing music, film, television, video games and other art forms.
The band Sublime wrote and recorded a song about these riots titled "April 29, 1992". The television show Doogie Howser M.D. aired the episode "There's a Riot going On" centered around the riots.
The 2002 film "Dark Blue" starring Kurt Russell uses the riots as a backdrop to a story of corrupt L.A. cops. The climax of the film takes place in South Central as the verdict is read and the riots begin.
The video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas includes a similar riot based on the acquittal of two officers suspected of police brutality.
See also
- Watts riots
- American Civil Rights Movement Timeline
- Zoot Suit Riots
- Police brutality
- Freedom Writers
- 3rd Battalion 1st Marines
Notes
- ^ "The L.A. 53". By Jim Crogan. LA Weekly. April 24, 2002.
- ^ la-otra-paliza-con-rodney-king
- ^ "Sergeant Says King Appeared to Be on Drugs". The New York Times. March 20, 1992.
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(help) - ^ The Arrest Record of Rodney King
- ^ Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD pages 41-42
- ^ "Police Beating Trial Opens With Replay of Videotape". The New York Times. March 6, 1992.
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(help) - ^ a b "AFTER THE RIOTS; A Juror Describes the Ordeal of Deliberations". The New York Times. May 6, 1992.
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(help) - ^ JURIST–The Rodney King Beating Trials
- ^ http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/white.jpg
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/newshour/authors_corner/jan-june98/cannon_4-7.html
- ^ videotape
- EDT, approximately 27 minutes into the hour (including commercial breaks).
- ^ Cannon, L. (2002). Official Negligence : How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD. Basic Books. ISBN 0-81-333725-9
- EDT, approximately 38 minutes into the hour (including commercial breaks).
- ^ "Man Pleads Guilty to Trying To Rob Trucker During Riot". New York Times. March 17, 1993.
- ISBN 0195144376.
- ^ Peter Kivisto, Georganne Rundblad, ed. (2000). Multiculturalism in the United States: Current Issues, Contemporary Voices. Pine Forge Press.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001070/bio Bill Cosby asks for peace during 1992 Los Angeles Riot
- ^ Bay Weekly: This Weeks Feature Stories
- ^ Ralph Keyes. The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When ISBN 0-312-34004-4
- ^ Mydans, Seth (1993-12-09). "Jury Could Hear Rodney King Today". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
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(help) - ^ Bush, George H.W. (1992-05-01). "Address to the Nation on the Civil Disturbances in Los Angeles, California". George Bush Presidential Library. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
- ^ Cawthon, Graham. "1992 WWF results". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ Del Vecchio, Rick, Suzanne Espinosa, & Carle Nolte (1992-05-04). "Bradley Ready to Lift Curfew He Says L.A. is 'under control'". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Reinhold, Robert (May 5, 1992). "RIOTS IN LOS ANGELES: The Overview; As Rioting Mounted, Gates Remained at Political Event". The New York Times.
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(help) - ^ 15 years after L.A. riots, tension still high
- ^ [www.cityresearch.com/pubs/la_riot.pdf The Los Angeles Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest]
- ^ THE VICE PRESIDENT SPEAKS
- ^ Jacobs, R: “Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society: From the Watts Riots to Rodney King”, pages 81-120. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- ^ Erna Smith, Transmitting Race: the Los Angles Riot in Television News, Research Paper, President of the Fellows of Harvard College, 1994, p. 6.
- ^ Rosenberg, Howard (1993-04-19). "Los Angeles TV Shows Restraint". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 22.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (1993-04-19). "Verdict in Los Angeles; Fear Subsides With Verdict, But Residents Remain Wary". The New York Times. p. 11. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ Tisdall, Simon, & Christopher Reed (1993-04-19). "All Quiet on the Western Front After King Verdicts". The Guardian. p. 20.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ayres Jr., B. Drummond (1997-03-11). "Los Angeles Police Chief Will Be Let Go". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ Gray, M: “The L.A. Riots 15 Years After Rodney King” [1], TIME Magazine, 25 Apr. 2007.
- ^ LeDuff, Charlie (2004-09-19). "12 Years After the Riots, Rodney King Gets Along". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ CGU Culture Critique–Los Angeles Riots: Sa-I-Gu – From a Korean Women’s Perspective
External links
- The L.A. Riots: 15 Years after Rodney King from Time.com
- Military operations during the 1992 Los Angeles riots–by a participating guardsman
- Lessons in command and control from the L.A. riots–Parameters, journal of the Army War College
- Flawed Emergency Response during the L.A. riots–professional article
- The L.A. 53–full listing of 53 known deaths during the riots, from the L.A. Weekly
- L.A.'s darkest days–Christian Science Monitor retrospective and interviews with victims and participants
- Charting The Hours of Chaos–a Los Angeles Times article
- The Rodney King Trial key figures
- The LA Riots 1992–An anarchist perspective focusing on riots, characterizes riots as political uprising.
- The Rebellion in Los Angeles–analysis of the LA riots as a proletarian revolt, by libertarian Marxist journal Aufheben.
Photography
- Urban Voyeur–black and white photographs taken during the riots
- Aftermath of the Rodney King riots–photographs