Neutral Buoyancy Simulator: Difference between revisions

Neutral Buoyancy Simulator
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
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Location	Huntsville, Alabama
Coordinates	34°39′11″N 86°40′39″W / 34.65306°N 86.67750°W / 34.65306; -86.67750
Built	1968
Architect	NASA
NRHP reference No.	85002807
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 3, 1985[1]
Designated NHL	October 3, 1985[2]

The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator was a

The water within the simulator was temperature controlled, continuously recirculated and filtered. Special systems were integrated into the tank for underwater audio and video, pressure-suit environmental control and emergency rescue and treatment. Life support was simultaneously provided by these systems for up to four pressure-suited subjects. Additional systems included data acquisition and recording, underwater lighting, special underwater pneumatic and electrical power operations of motor, valves, controls, and indicators that required for high fidelity and functional engineering mockups and trainers.

Neutral buoyancy simulates the weightless environment of space.^[5] First equipment is lowered into the pool using an overhead crane. Suited astronauts then get in the tank and support divers add weight to the astronauts so that they experience no buoyant force and no rotational moment about their center of mass.^[5]

One downside of using neutral buoyancy to simulate

NASA has flown zero-g flights on various aircraft for many years. In 1959,

Prior to May 1960, NASA recognized the possibility of underwater neutral buoyancy simulations and began testing its efficacy. NASA engaged Environmental Research Associates of Baltimore to try neutral buoyancy simulations first in a pool near Langley Research Center. Visitors and other issues disturbed those efforts, and they moved the operation to McDonogh School where Scott Carpenter was the first astronaut to participate suited. Then, after difficult EVAs through Gemini 11 in mid-September 1966, the Manned Spacecraft Center fully understood the importance of testing procedures underwater and sent the Gemini 12 crew to train at McDonogh.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Meanwhile, MSFC was looking ahead to the

After the utility of the technique had been demonstrated, in January 1966, workers repurposed a larger explosive forming tank for neutral buoyancy testing. The larger pool was 25 feet (7.6 m) diameter, 15 feet (4.6 m) deep. A 10 feet (3.0 m) tall 35 feet (11 m) diameter damaged Saturn V corrugated section with a conical roof atop enclosed the now-heated facility with adequate lighting and more room for larger hardware than the initial tank.

The budget for the second tank was especially tight. It included a swimming pool filter from Sears and a tap into an adjacent steam line for water heat. Algae engaged chemists for nearly a year to find an appropriate balance of chemicals for the unique arrangement.^{[13]: p. 190}

Initial tests again focused on S-IVB workshop: airlock ingress and egress, and S-IVB hatch cover removal.^{[3]: 1966-01 p.35 [13]: p.189–90}

The second tank saw astronaut training in pressure suits beginning with the

In the same report, Belew said that people found it necessary to use both hands for most tasks - one to do the work and the other to provide leverage for the work. He also outlined plans for a third tank to be installed in building 4706.[3]^{: 1967-03 p.26}

It was clear early on that a larger simulator was necessary for testing procedures with Skylab (21.67 feet (6.61 m) diameter by 24.3 feet (7.4 m) high) and other hardware in the pipeline. It was also clear that its construction would require some creative financing and political maneuvering. In his September 12, 1966 memo to Wernher von Braun, Kuers disclosed, "[Bean] had apparently been told of our plans regarding the new large neutral buoyancy type simulator, and in response to his point blank questions regarding this, he was candidly shown the design blueprints by responsible ME personnel. Consequently, Houston is now aware."^{[3]: 1966-07 p. 79}

There was no budget for additional facilities, so managers decided to modify an existing facility by building a tank within it using tooling funds and in-house fabricators. Stocks explained, "All we had was the Directors Discretionary funds available at the time. We were not allowed to construct a new building for the tank, so a leak was discovered under the model and prototype building. This leak required about [8 feet (2.4 m)] of concrete under the floor to repair." Thus the foundation of building 4706 was prepared in July 1967, to support a tank holding 1,300,000 US gallons (4,900,000 L) of water.^{[3]: 1967-01 p.107, 1967-07 p.56 [13]: pp. 55, 190}

Ed Buckbee wrote that the funding irregularities "prompted a GAO (Government Accountability Office) audit and reprimand, but contributed to the Marshall lore of creativity and pragmatism in getting the job done."^{[13]: p. 55}

Welding of the new tank took place in October and November 1967, after which a 40 feet (12 m) deep, 75 feet (23 m) diameter pool was nearly ready. Remaining work, according to Kuers' November 20 report, included installation of a "two-ton hoist, a breathing air system, a scuba cylinder filling system, a new recompression chamber, the installation of the instrumentation in a trailer to be located between Buildings 4706 and 4705, the procurement and the installation of a diving bell and airlock and the design, procurement and installation of an elevator to operate between ground floor and the upper platform and to be used for the movement of both people and equipment."^{[3]: 1967-11 p. 72}

Final preparations for testing took several more months. Engineers elected to fill the tank slowly to be able to repair any leaks found along the way, and they filled it, finding and fixing a few leaks, between February 29 and March 11, 1968. Thus readied, workers began installing test equipment. Workers had to develop new techniques to assemble parts underwater because of the low clearance between the top of the tank and the enclosing building's roof.

With the prospect of astronauts diving in pressure suits, the Manned Spacecraft Center (now Johnson Space Center), introduced a new level of safety to MSFC in the form of an Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) committee which evaluated the facility for safety concerns. The committee was formed in December 1967. They carried out inspections and oversaw exercises to demonstrate readiness for a variety of contingencies. After nearly a year of a full tank, the procedures were ready for suited astronauts.^{[3]: 1967-12 p.37, 1968-03 pp. 15, 39, 1968-04 p. 82, 1968-07 p. 91, 1969-03 p. 69}

The first suited astronaut dive in the new tank was an exercise to develop

Engineers used the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator for working out kinks in designs, and astronauts provided feedback from their experiences in the simulator. For example, on August 6 and 7, 1969, astronauts Owen Garriott, Walter Cunningham, and Rusty Schweickart evaluated the Apollo Telescope Mount EVA film retrieval system.^{[3]: 1969-08 p.27}

The simulator's hyperbaric chamber saw its first use for its intended purpose the night of September 24–25, 1969, when a

Astronauts performed Skylab training at the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator in the early 1970s.^[14] Astronauts Conrad and Kerwin prepared for their Skylab 2 EVA missions by simulating their requirements in the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator before proceeding with the repairs in outer space.^[15]

The crew of Space Shuttle mission STS-41-C spent months training for the capture, repair, and release of the Solar Max satellite including practicing using the Manned Maneuvering Unit.^[16]

The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.^[2][17]

Engineers continued to develop procedures and astronauts continued to train in the simulator for the Hubble Space Telescope missions, and International Space Station assembly through the tank's decommissioning in 1997.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neutral Buoyancy Space Simulator.

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  Astronauts practice rigging protective shielding on Skylab in the simulator, 1972
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  Astronauts practice assembly of the International Space Station, 1985
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  Scientists practice activities in the simulator to understand complications of working in space, 1974
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  Scientists Carolyn Griner, who would later become MSFC director, and Ann Whitaker train.
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  Main components highlighted.
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  Astronauts train on Hubble Space Telescope
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  Astronauts practice changing out the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Planetary Camera.