St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg
Hamburg Cathedral | |
---|---|
Cathedral of St. Mary's Sankt Mariendom Dom St. Marien zu Hamburg | |
Bremen |
Saint Mary's Cathedral in
In 1180 the cathedral compound turned into the
Location
The cathedral, in common Italo-Nordic tradition simply called Dom (
History
The early history of the Hamburg See and its first cathedral buildings is somewhat obscured. In different struggles on competences and privileges plenty of documents have been completely forged or counterfeited or backdated, in order to corroborate arguments. "These forgeries have drawn a veil before the early history of the [archbishopric of] Hamburg-Bremen."[2] Results of archeological excavations could not clarify the succession of early cathedral buildings before 1035.
The deposed
With the
However, starting in 1245 Adalbrand's structure was replaced by a new early
By the end of the 14th century the concathedral was extended by two more
Starting in 1522
The extraterritorial status and the denominational opposition strengthened the perception of cathedral, chapter, and immunity district as alien element within the city. While almost all inhabitants outside the immunity district had become parishioners of the now Lutheran parish churches, the huge cathedral lacked a congregation. Between the Feast of the Assumption of Mary and December 1529 the city's militia barred churchgoers from access to the cathedral, given up after imperial protests.[8] Furthermore, the capitular estates in Hamburg and spread all over the North Elbian diocesan area, forming the endowment to maintain canons and cathedral, were increasingly withheld by the respective territorial rulers. Thus in May 1531 the chapter closed the cathedral and its maintenance was neglected.[8]
Meanwhile, the majority of the capitular canons had adopted Lutheranism and elected fellow faithful to eventual vacancies. The cathedral reopened as Lutheran place of worship in 1540. The disputes on capitular estates were regulated by the Bremen Settlement in 1561. The church turned into a Lutheran proto-cathedral and the remaining endowment allowed financing excellent ecclesiastical music, making the proto-cathedral a frequented venue for Lutheran services accompanied by music. The incumbents of the Bremen See used to be themselves Lutherans since the accession of
The architect Ernst Georg Sonnin carried out maintenance works in 1759/1760. Due to the weak, unstable subsoil the cathedral tower was leaning, so Sonnin straightened the tower, as he had done with other church towers in Hamburg, he even demonstrated the gathered public his new technique by reversing it to leaning and again straightening it.[9] Since 1772 the city of Hamburg considered to buy the immunity district, however, not effectuating any changes by then. On the instigation of the ducal Bremian government the cathedral chapter sold its valuable library by the end of the 18th century. Since 1790 the pastorate of the proto-cathedral remained vacant.
By the
The stones were sold off or used to reinforce the sea defenses along the Elbe; the funerary sculptures and monuments were broken up and used in the reconstruction of the city's rudimentary sewage system. The Senate was partly motivated by the desire to rid the city of an extraterritorial institution, but it is more than possible that the rise in rents and the high demand for housing at the time also played a role. In any case, the incident was typical of the celebrated Philistinism of the Hamburg authorities. Five more medieval churches in the city were pulled down between 1807 and 1837.[10]
Legacy
Rescued furnishings
There was little interest in the valuable furnishings of the proto-cathedral. Few enthusiasts with interest in the history of art did not prevail as to rescuing the building. In order to make the biggest bargain not only the structures above earth have been demolished and sold as construction material but even the grave slabs and most of the fundaments have been dug out to be sold alike. The more than 370 slabs of sandstone have mostly been built in hydraulic structures along the many waterways in Hamburg, broken stones and rubble were used for dikes in Ochsenwerder and Spadenland.[11] So archeological excavations in recent years could not even uncover the exact groundplan.[12]
The congregation of Hamburg's
One of the cathedral bells survived. The Celsa, founded by the bell founder
Remnants of Pope Benedict V's cenotaph, which was erected around 1330, but removed in 1782, have been found, besides other findings, in the excavation campaigns (1947–1957, 1980–1987 and 2005–2007).[14]
Hamburger Dom
A fair held in or in front of the cathedral was first recorded in 1329, at the beginning only at special feasts like Christmas, thus being one of the predecessors of today's Christmas markets. With the Reformation in the 16th century the fair was also held on other occasions. After the demolition of the cathedral (1804–1807), the fair, still named Hamburger Dom (literally in English: Hamburg Cathedral) moved to Gänsemarkt square (geese market) in 1804, and takes place on Heiligengeistfeld since 1892.
The cathedral site after its demolition
A recent project to rebuild the site with a modern glass steel complex has been dropped after civic protest in 2007. Since 2009 an archeological park covers the site.[15] Steel elements indicate the former walls of the early fortified church supposed to have been the original form of the archiepiscopal see. 39 white benches indicate the likely locations of the former columns of the 5-naved main hall. A single found fundament of one of them can be seen through a glass screen.[16]
Modern Hamburg Cathedral
In 1994 a new
Notable people active at the Dom
Archbishops, prince-archbishops and administrators
The
Chapter and canonry
The
At Archbishop
With the archdiocese gaining princely sovereignty as an
In 1219 the Bremen Chapter again ignored the Hamburg capitulars, fearing their Danish partisanship and elected
Canons were distinguished as younger (canonicus minor) and older (canonicus maior) office holders. The distinction was also evidenced by lower and higher prebends.
One canonicate, called magister scholarum, was in charge of the education at the cathedral school. 1499 Heinrich Banzkow served as magister scholarum, Johannes Saxonius was appointed magister scholarum in 1550. After the breakthrough of the Reformation canonicates were not necessarily bound to ecclesiastical offices any more, but often served to maintain educators, musicians or scientists.
In 1513 the Ditmarsians founded a
On request of the Senate of Hamburg Luther had sent Bugenhagen to the city. He developed the Lutheran Church Order for Hamburg in 1529. He first aimed at seizing the revenues of concathedral and chapter in favour of the common chest of the urban parishes, financing pastors and teachers. The chapter would be dissolved and the released canons paid a life annuity. However, the then still steadfastly Catholic capitulars refused and were not to be forced due to their immunity and extraterritorial status.
The dispute made many canons leave the city and shut down the concathedral. A lawsuit in the matter was still pendent at the
Two
With the Peace of Westphalia the
Church musicians
Many church musicians were granted prebends or canonicates, traditionally one canon, titled
Erasmus Sartorius , vicar at the Dom since 1604, was entrusted the cantorate of Johanneum in 1628. Cathedral cantor Thomas Selle officiated between 1642 and 1663. Johann Wolfgang Franck held the cantorate from 1682 to 1685. Friedrich Nicolaus Bruhns, succeeding Nicolaus Adam Strungk in charge of the Hamburger Ratsmusik (Music for the Hamburg Senate) in 1682, became canonicus minor and cathedral cantor in 1687.
Johann Mattheson, diplomat, musician, music theoretician, and cathedral cantor between 1715 and 1728 was the first author to publish on Johann Sebastian Bach.[27] Deafness forced Mattheson to retire. He was succeeded by Reinhard Keiser, who became the cathedral precentor in 1728, and wrote largely church music there until his death in 1739. Between 1756 and 1762 Johann Valentin Görner served as cantor.
Capitular endowment
The capitular endowment comprised 14 so-called capitular villages (Kapitelsdörfer) outside of then Hamburg, paying dues to the chapter. Following the Reformation the rulers of Holstein seized these villages, legitimised by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. On 18 October 1576 Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp seized a number of capitular endowments against a recurrent annuity paid until 1803. Endowments:
- The tithe of Ahrensfelde since 1195
- The tithe of Bargfeld since 1195
- Half a hide in Barmbek
- Barmstedt till 1564
- Barsbüttel, grain dues from the village since 1306, all the village since 7 April 1341, till 1576
- Bergstedt since 1345
- Part of Bramfeld since 1271
- The tithe of Duvenstedt since 1255
- Hoisdorf since 1339, till 1576
- Half the tithe of Kirchsteinbek since 1255
- The tithe of Klein Borstel still in 1540
- Meiendorf since 1318
- Two oxgangs in Mellingstedt since 1271
- Domherrenland (canons' land) in Moorburg , till 1803
- An estate in Niendorf since 1343
- Osdorf since the early 14th century
- Half the tithe of Oststeinbek since 1255, the local mill since 1313, till 1576
- Papendorf in Holstein, held by the chapter between 1256 and 1556
- Seven oxgangs and three cottages in Poppenbüttel since 1336, all the village since 1389
- Dues from Rahlstedt since 1296
- Rellingen till 1564
- The tithe of Rissen since 1255
- Stemwarde part of its forest in 1259, all the village since 22 June 1263, till 1576
- A recurrent rent from Stockelsdorf manor since 1358
- Todendorf since 1263
- Willinghusen half the village since 1238, all the village since 1342, till 1576
- Wulfsdorf
- Wulksfelde
References
- Ralf Busch, Hamburg Altstadt, Stuttgart: Theiss, 2002, (=Führer zu archäologischen Denkmälern in Deutschland; vol. 41).
- Adolf Hofmeister, "Der Kampf um das Erbe der Stader Grafen zwischen den Welfen und der Bremer Kirche (1144–1236)", in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 105–157.
- Kai Mathieu, Der Hamburger Dom, Untersuchungen zur Baugeschichte im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert (1245–1329) und eine Dokumentation zum Abbruch in den Jahren 1804 – 1807, Hamburg: Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, 1973.
- Friedrich Johann Lorenz Meyer, Blick in die Domkirche in Hamburg, Hamburg: Nestler, 1804.
- Heinz-Joachim Schulze, "Die Grafen von Stade und die Erzbischöfe von Bremen-Hamburg vom Ausgang des 10. bis zur Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts", in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 43–104.
- Heinz-Joachim Schulze, "Geschichte der Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Elbe und Weser vom Mittelalter bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts", in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 1–21.
- Michael Schütz, "Die Konsolidierung des Erzstiftes unter Johann Rode", in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 263–278.
- Ferdinand Stöter, Die ehemalige St. Marien Kirche oder der Dom zu Hamburg in Bildern mit erläuternden Texten von F. Stöter, Hamburg: Gräfe, 1879.
External links
Notes
- ^ Therefore the uniform translation of these terms into English as cathedrals may not always be appropriate.
- ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2. Addition in edged brackets not in the original.
- ISBN 978-3-8319-0137-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- ^ However, he already accounted for the reversion of the original ranking using left of the river Elbe the title Archbishop of Bremen.
- ^ This contest gave rise to his Ioannis Hepini Pinacidion de Romanæ ecclesiæ imposturis et Papisticis sutelis/ aduersus impudentem Hamburgensium Canonicorum autonomiam, Hamburg: Georg Richolff the Younger, 1530.
- ^ ISBN 3-8288-8590-X.
- New St. Mary's Cathedral), retrieved on 21 June 2011.
- ISBN 0-14-303636-X.
- New St. Mary's Cathedral), retrieved on 21 June 2011.
- ^ Katharina Jeorgakopulos, Hamburgs zerbrochener Dom. Multimediale Rekonstruktion der verlorenen Kirche in Hamburg durch zwei Studentinnen im Studienschwerpunkt Informative Illustration (HAW Hamburg), press release of the Informationsdienst Wissenschaft for the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 18 October 2006, retrieved on 21 June 2011.
- ISSN 1862-3549.
- ^ Joseph Nyary, "Papst-Grab: Stein-Fragment entdeckt", in: Hamburger Abendblatt, 16 August 2005, retrieved on 21 June 2011.
- ^ Axel Tiedemann, "Auf dem Domplatz entsteht ein neuer Park", in: Hamburger Abendblatt, 30 January 2008, retrieved on 21 June 2011.
- ^ Domplatz eröffnet: Grüner Ruhepol mitten in der Stadt (6 May 2009), press release on behalf of the Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (BSU) (Hamburg's ministry for urban development and environment) archived on: Hamburg.de, retrieved on 21 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2.
- ^ Thies Völker, Die Dithmarscher Landeskirche 1523–1559: Selbständige bauernstaatliche Kirchenorganisation in der Frühneuzeit Archived 30 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, section 'Konfliktauslöser: Besetzung der Pfarrstellen und Klosterprojekt', posted on 16 July 2009 on: suite101.de: Das Netzwerk der Autoren.
- ^ Thies Völker, Die Dithmarscher Landeskirche 1523–1559: Selbständige bauernstaatliche Kirchenorganisation in der Frühneuzeit Archived 30 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, section 'Gründung der Landeskirche 1523', posted on 16 July 2009 on: suite101.de: Das Netzwerk der Autoren.
- state church. Cf. Thies Völker, Die Dithmarscher Landeskirche 1523–1559: Selbständige bauernstaatliche Kirchenorganisation in der Frühneuzeit Archived 30 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, sections 'Heinrich von Zütphen 1524' and 'Sieg der Reformation 1533', posted on 16 July 2009 on: suite101.de: Das Netzwerk der Autoren.
- superintendent of the Lutheran Church of the Gottorpshare of Holstein and Schleswig (as of 1562), general superintendent of the Lutheran church in the entire Duchies of Holstein and Schleswig (as of 1564).
- ^ Johann Mattheson, Das beschützte Orchestre, oder desselben zweyte Eröffnung: worinn nicht nur e. würcklichen galant-homme, der eben kein Profeßions-Verwandter, sondern auch manchem Musico selbst d. alleraufrichtigste u. deutlichste Vorstellung musicalischer Wissenschaften ... ertheilet wird, Hamburg: Schiller, 1717 and 1748, (reprint Leipzig: Zentralantiquariat der DDR, 1981), part I, chapter V, p. 222.