House of Hanover

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"Hanoverians" redirects here. For the college whose alumni are known as such, see Hanover College. For other uses, see Hanover House.

House of Hanover
Arms of the House of Hanover
Royal Standard of Hanover
Parent houseBonifaci → Obertenghi → Este → Welf
Country
Etymology
Ernst August, Prince of Hanover
Titles
List
Deposition

The House of Hanover (

Albert, Prince Consort. The last reigning members of the House of Hanover lost the Duchy of Brunswick
in 1918 when Germany became a republic.

The formal name of the house was the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line.

Ernst August, Prince of Hanover
.

History

Dukes and Electors of Brunswick-Lüneburg

George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg was the first member of the House of Hanover.[2] When the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg was divided in 1635, George inherited the Principality of Calenberg and moved his residence to Hanover. His son, Christian Louis, inherited the Principality of Lüneburg from George's brother. Calenberg and Lüneburg were then shared between George's sons until united in 1705 under his grandson, also called George, who subsequently became George I of Great Britain
. All members held the title of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

  • George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , first member of the House of Hanover.
  • Christian Louis, 1st son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1641–1648) and Prince of Lüneburg (1648–1665). He relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg.
  • George William
    , 2nd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1648–1665) and Prince of Lüneburg (1665–1705). He relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg on the death of his brother, Christian Louis.
  • John Frederick
    , 3rd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1665–1679).
  • James I of England
    .
  • George Louis, son of Duke Ernest Augustus and Sophia, became Elector and Prince of Calenberg in 1698 and Prince of Lüneburg when his uncle George William died in 1705. He inherited his mother's claim to the throne of Great Britain when she died in 1714.

Monarchs of Great Britain, Ireland, and Hanover

Monarchs of Great Britain, Ireland, and Hanover
William IV (1830–1837)
Victoria
(1837–1901)

George Louis became the first British monarch of the House of Hanover as George I in 1714.[3]: 13  The dynasty provided six British monarchs:

Of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland (changed in 1801 to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland):[note 1]

  1. George I (r. 1714–1727) (Georg Ludwig = George Louis)
  2. George II (r. 1727–1760) (Georg August = George Augustus)
  3. George III
    (r. 1760–1820)
  4. George IV
    (r. 1820–1830)
  5. William IV
    (r. 1830–1837)
  6. Victoria (r. 1837–1901).

George I, George II, and George III also served as electors and dukes of

Brunswick-Lüneburg, informally, Electors of Hanover (cf. personal union). They served as dual monarchs of Britain and Hanover, maintaining control of the Hanoverian Army and foreign policy. From 1814, when Hanover became a kingdom following the Napoleonic Wars, the British monarch was also King of Hanover
.

Upon the death of William IV in 1837, the

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.[3]
: 14 

After end of personal union

Kings of Hanover after end of personal union
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (1837–1851)
King George V of Hanover (1851–1866)

After the death of William IV in 1837, the following kings of Hanover continued the dynasty:

The

Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
, the last king's grandson.

Prince-bishops of Osnabrück

At the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) awarded the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück alternately to a Catholic bishop and to a cadet branch of Brunswick-Lüneburg.[4] Since the treaty gave cadets priority over heirs and reigning princes, Osnabrück became a form of appanage (in alternation) of the House of Hanover.

  • George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
  • Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
  • George III

Osnabrück was

mediatized
to Hanover in 1803.

Dukes of Brunswick

Arms of the Hanoverian kings of the United Kingdom (1816–1837)
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hanover 1837

In 1884, the senior branch of the

Duke of Cumberland
, succeed to a member state of the German Empire, at least without strong conditions including the swearing to the German constitution. By a law of 1879, the Duchy of Brunswick established a temporary council of regency to take over at the Duke's death and, if necessary, to appoint a regent.

The Duke of Cumberland proclaimed himself Duke of Brunswick at the Duke's death, and lengthy negotiations ensued but were never resolved.

First World War
, but he was overthrown as Duke of Brunswick in 1918. His father was also deprived of his British titles in 1919 for "bearing arms against Great Britain".

After having left

Prince Ernest Augustus, sold his remaining property at Herrenhausen Gardens in 1961 but kept the nearby Princely House, a small palace built in 1720 by George I for his daughter Anna Louise. It is now his grandson Ernest Augustus
's private home, along with Marienburg Castle.

Claimants

The later heads of the House of Hanover have been:

The family has been resident in Austria since 1866 and thus took on Austrian nationality besides their German and British. Since the later king

German Revolution of 1918–19, with the abolishment of nobility's privileges,[note 3] titles officially became parts of the last name. So, curiously, the British prince's title is still part of the family's last name in their German passports, while it is no longer mentioned in their British documents.[6]

On 29 August 1931,

Guelph in the UK and are styled Royal Highnesses
in their documents.

Members

Patrilineal descent

For a more comprehensive list, see King of Hanover.
For a more comprehensive list, see Hanoverian prince.
  1. Oberto I, 912–975
  2. Oberto Obizzo
    , 940–1017
  3. Albert Azzo I, Margrave of Milan, 970–1029
  4. Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, died 1097
  5. Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, 1037–1101
  6. Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, 1074–1126
  7. Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, 1108–1139
  8. Henry the Lion, 1129–1195
  9. William of Winchester, Lord of Lunenburg, 1184–1213
  10. Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1204–1252
  11. Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1236–1279
  12. Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1268–1318
  13. Magnus the Pious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1304–1369
  14. Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1328–1373
  15. Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1362–1434
  16. Frederick II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1408–1478
  17. Otto V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1439–1471
  18. Heinrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1468–1532
  19. Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1497–1546
  20. William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1535–1592
  21. George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    , 1582–1641
  22. Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, 1629–1698
  23. George I of Great Britain, 1660–1727
  24. George II of Great Britain, 1683–1760
  25. Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707–1751
  26. George III of the United Kingdom
    , 1738–1820
  27. Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, 1771–1851
  28. George V of Hanover, 1819–1878
  29. Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, 1845–1923
  30. Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, 1887–1953
  31. Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover
    , 1914–1987
  32. Ernst August, Prince of Hanover
    , b. 1954
  33. Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover, b. 1983

Family tree

Legacy

Many towns and provinces across the

Victoria and the city Adelaide, in the UK six and in the US thirteen towns named Brunswick. Furthermore one each in Australia and New Zealand, and worldwide more than fifty towns named Victoria. There are also numerous streets and squares, such as Hanover Square, Westminster, Hanover Square (Manhattan), Hanover Square, Syracuse or Queen Street, Brisbane
with its intersections named after members of the House.

English-speaking countries
.


See also

Notes

  1. ^ In 1801, the British and Irish kingdoms merged, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
  2. ^ Privately however the British Royal Family (of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, alias House of Windsor) continued to call their German branch the Cumberlands, for instance when Edward VIII described his visit to the family in Gmunden in a letter to his mother in 1937.
  3. ^ In 1919 royalty and nobility lost their privileges as such in Germany, hereditary titles thereafter being legally retained only as part of the surname, according to Article 109 the Weimar Constitution.

References

  1. ^ "Royal Arms of Britain". Heraldica. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2016. The House of Brunswick Luneburg being one of the most illustrious and most ancient in Europe, the Hanoverian branch having filled for more than a century one of the most distinguished thrones, its possessions being among the most considerable in Germany;
  2. ISBN 9780719057694
    .: 195 
  3. ^
    ISBN 1-84018-631-3
    ..
  4. ISBN 9780720614237
    . According to the Peace of Westphalia, the See of Osnabrück was to be held alternately by a Catholic and a Protestant incumbent; the Protestant bishop was to be a younger son of the Brunswick-Lüneburg family.
  5. ISBN 978-0-13-514653-8
    .
  6. ^ "In der Prinzenrolle". HAZ – Hannoversche Allgemeine. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  7. ^ Ernst August (geb.1954) Prinz von Hannover Archived 21 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine at welfen.de (in German)
  8. ^ Attorney-General v HRH Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover [1957] 1 All ER 49

Further reading

Historiography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Hannover.
Royal house
House of Hanover
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
New title
Duchy created from the
stem duchy of Saxony
 Ruling house of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1235–1692 		Duchy raised to Electorate
by Emperor Leopold I for aid
given in the Nine Years' War 
New title
Duchy raised to Electorate
 Ruling house of the Electorate of Hanover
1692–1803 		Electorate abolished
 Occupied by France in the Napoleonic Wars 
Preceded by Ruling house of the Kingdom of Great Britain
1714–1800 		Kingdoms merged by
Acts of Union 1800
Ruling house of the Kingdom of Ireland
1714–1800
New title
Union of Great Britain and Ireland
 Ruling house of the United Kingdom
1801–1901 		Succeeded by
New title
Electorate raised to Kingdom
at the Congress of Vienna
 Ruling house of the Kingdom of Hanover
1814–1866 		Kingdom abolished
 Annexed by Prussia in the
Austro-Prussian War 
Preceded by
House of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern
 Ruling house of the Duchy of Brunswick
1913–1918 		Duchy abolished
 
German Revolution after defeat in World War I
 
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