Stefan Starzyński

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Stefan Starzyński
Mayor of Warsaw
In office
2 August 1934 – 27 October 1939
Preceded byMarian Zyndram-Kościałkowski
Succeeded byJulian Kulski
Personal details
Born19 August 1893
Occupied Poland
Signature
Stefan Starzyński as a soldier of Polish Legions

Stefan Bronisław Starzyński (19 August 1893

Mayor of Warsaw before and during the Siege of 1939
.

Early life, studies and career

Stefan Bronisław Starzyński was born on 19 August 1893 in

Związek Strzelecki
).

In August 1914, after the outbreak of the

intelligence
tasks.

After demobilization he remained in public service. He supervised one of the

Ministry of Treasury. In the years 1929–30 and 1931–32 he was a deputy minister of the treasury. In 1930 he became a member of Polish Sejm for a three years period as a member of the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
(BBWR). He was also a deputy president of Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego, one of the largest Polish banks.

During his life he published several

academic papers
on the economy.

Mayor of Warsaw

In the early 1930s Warsaw had a huge hole in its budget. The city's development had been halted by a lack of funds while the population continued to grow rapidly. On 1 August 1934, Starzyński was chosen by the

Sanacja
régime to become the president of Warsaw, and was given special powers. Local authorities were disbanded and Starzyński became responsible only to central government.

At first Starzyński was viewed by the majority of Varsovians as yet another

Żoliborz
through a bridge over the northern railway line. These actions earned him the nickname "president of the suburbs".

He became popular among the inhabitants of the borough of

Warsaw School of Economics and the Powszechny theatre, which became one of the most influential scenes of Warsaw. Other initiatives of Starzyński include complete reconstruction of boulevards along the Vistula and partial reconstruction of the barbican
in the Old Town area.

In 1934 he was chosen as a president of Warsaw for a four-year term. On 18 December 1938 he was elected in democratic elections for his second term. Starzyński held his office until World War II broke out. During his presidency:

  • 2,000,000 km² of paved roads were built
  • 44 schools were opened
  • National Museum was built
  • 2 major parks were opened to the public (one of them is now a National Reserve)
  • construction of Warsaw Metro started

World War II

Public proclamation of Stefan Starzyński as the Civilian Commissar of Warsaw 8.09.1939
Monument to Stefan Starzyński in Warsaw's Saxon Garden.

After the start of Polish Defensive War of 1939 Starzyński, refused to leave Warsaw together with other state authorities and diplomats on 4 September 1939. Instead he joined the army as a major of infantry. The Minister of War shortly before his departure created the Command of the Defense of the Capital with general Walerian Czuma as its commander. On 7 September the forces of 4th German Panzer Division managed to break the Polish lines near Częstochowa and started their march towards Warsaw. Most of the city authorities were evacuated to the east. Warsaw was left with a military garrison composed mainly of infantry battalions and batteries of artillery. The Headquarters of general Czuma had to organize the defense of the city. Unfortunately, there was some misunderstanding among the command. At that time Poland still believed that any time soon Great Britain and France would attack Germany according to the treaties which were signed by these countries at the beginning of 1939. As it happened these obligations were never to materialise. However, at that stage the Polish authorities wanted to preserve younger reservists for future fighting, so the spokesman of the garrison of Warsaw issued a communique in which he ordered all young men to leave the city. That step weakened the strength of the defence garrison.

To counter the mess that started in Warsaw, general Czuma appointed Stefan Starzyński as the Civilian Commissar of Warsaw. Starzyński started to organize the Civil Guard to replace the evacuated police forces. He also ordered all members of the city's administration to retake their posts. In his daily radio releases he asked all civilians to construct barricades and anti-tank barriers at the outskirts of Warsaw. According to many sources from the epoch his daily speeches were a crucial factor in keeping the morale of both the soldiers and the civilians high during the Siege of Warsaw. Starzyński commanded the distribution of food, water and supplies as well as fire fighting brigades. He also managed to organise shelter for almost all civilian refugees from other parts of Poland and houses destroyed by German aerial bombardment. Before the Siege ended he became the symbol of the defence of Warsaw in 1939.

On 27 September the commanders of the besieging German forces demanded that Starzyński be present during the signing of the capitulation of Warsaw. Before the capitulation he was offered to leave the city several times. The pilot of the prototype PZL.46 Sum plane that managed to escape from internment in Romania and landed safely in besieged Warsaw offered himself to evacuate Starzyński to Lithuania. He was also proposed to go underground and receive plastic surgery in order to escape the city. He refused.

After the Germans entered the city on 28 September 1939, Starzyński was allowed to continue his service as the president of Warsaw. He was active in organisation of life in the occupied city as well as its reconstruction after the German

birth registry forms
and passports. Those documents were later used in validation of false identities of many members of the resistance.

Arrest and death

A commemorative plaque dedicated to Starzyński. The inscription at the top includes his most famous quote I wanted Warsaw to be great...

On 5 October he was arrested by the Gestapo and, together with several other prominent inhabitants of Warsaw, held hostage as a warrant of safety for Adolf Hitler during a parade of victory held in Warsaw. The following day all of them were released. On 27 October 1939 he was again arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned in the Pawiak prison. In December he was yet again offered to escape, but he again refused claiming that it would be too costly to those involved in his escape.

His fate remained unknown until, on 8 September 2014, the Polish IPN-Institute of National Remembrance (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej) officially closed the investigation of the circumstances of his death. Based on a recent eyewitness testimony,[3] the IPN's commission of inquiry came to the conclusion that Stefan Starzyński was shot by the Gestapo at some point between 21 and 23 December 1939. in Warsaw or its surroundings. The crime was committed by Gestapo functionaries Oberscharführer Hermann Schimmann, Hauptscharführer Weber, and Unterscharführer Perlbach. However, it has not been possible to unambiguously establish the Gestapo functionaries who had given the order to kill Stefan Starzyński.[4]

According to an earlier version of the account, which has been discarded by the IPN, it was believed that Starzyński had been transferred to

Spandau prison
) or January 1940 (Dachau).

One version of the account was based on documents, which the

Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) had received from Germany in 2008. The documents had been held in the archives of former East German Ministry of State Security ("Stasi"), and they claimed that Starzyński was tortured and died on 19 March 1944 in a potassium salt mine, where he was allegedly held captive at a prisoner of subsidiaries camp and slave-worked in Leipzig Enterprise Transport, which produced aircraft parts. According to witnesses, he was allegedly placed on the board set on trestles, holding 2 full buckets of water, under the "penalty" of being shot if he would drop them. According to this account, Starzyński stood on it until he collapsed and died of exhaustion.[5] This version of the circumstances of Starzyński's death was also discarded by the IPN in September 2014.[6]

In 1957, a memorial was erected to his memory in the

Powązki cemetery
in Warsaw.

Legacy and remembrance

After the war the rebuilt Warszawa II radio station was named after him. Currently there are several monuments to Starzyński in Warsaw as well as a street and several schools named after him. His September 1939 radio broadcasts are now considered to be a part of popular culture in Poland. Starzyński's quiet, hoarsened voice and the texts of his speeches are nowadays easily recognizable by most Varsovians. In 2003 the readers of news papers and the spectators of the Warsaw branch of the public television elected Starzyński as the Varsovian of the Century by a huge majority of votes.

In 1978 his popularized story was filmed by Andrzej Trzos-Rastawiecki in his movie Gdziekolwiek jesteś, panie prezydencie (Wherever You Are, Mr. President).

See also

Notes and references

General

  1. ^ "IPN chce się dowiedzieć, jak zginał Stefan Starzyński" (in Polish). Życie Warszawy.
  2. ^ "Investigation of Warsaw President Stefan Starzyński's Death Has Been Closed" (in Polish). IPN. September 2014. Archived from the original on September 15, 2014.
  3. ^ "The Man who Governed Warsaw After Starzynki's Arrest" (in Polish). Gazeta Wyborcza. September 2014.
  4. ^ "Investigation of Warsaw President Stefan Starzyński's Death Has Been Closed" (in Polish). IPN. September 2014. Archived from the original on September 15, 2014.
  5. ^ "Investigation of Stefan Starzyński's death continues at IPN" (in Polish). Życie Warszawy. March 9, 2008.
  6. ^ "IPN Determined Circumstances of Starzynski's Death" (in Polish). Polskie Radio. September 2014.

External links
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