Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania Lietuvos Respublika (Lithuanian) | ||
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Anthem: Ethnic groups (2024[2])
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Religion (2021[3] ) |
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Demonym(s) | Lithuanian | |
Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic[4][5][6][7] | |
Gitanas Nausėda | ||
Ingrida Šimonytė | ||
Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen | ||
Legislature | Seimas | |
Formation | ||
9 March 1009 | ||
1236 | ||
• Coronation of Mindaugas | 6 July 1253 | |
2 February 1386 | ||
• Commonwealth created | 1 July 1569 | |
24 October 1795 | ||
16 February 1918 | ||
11 March 1990 | ||
Area | ||
• Total | 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi) (121st) | |
• Water (%) | 1.98 (2015)[8] | |
Population | ||
• 2024 estimate | 2,885,891[9] (135th) | |
• Density | 44/km2 (114.0/sq mi) (138th) | |
GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate | |
• Total | $144.585 billion[10] (88th) | |
• Per capita | $50,600[10] (39th) | |
GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate | |
• Total | $81.170 billion[10] (78th) | |
• Per capita | $28,407[10] (40th) | |
Gini (2022) | 36.2[11] medium inequality | |
HDI (2022) | 0.879[12] very high (37th) | |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) | |
Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) | |
Calling code | +370 | |
ISO 3166 code | LT | |
Internet TLD | .lt |
Lithuania (
For millennia, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various
Lithuania is a developed country with a high income, advanced economy, ranking 37th in the Human Development Index (HDI) and 19th in the World Happiness Report.[24] Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the eurozone, the Nordic Investment Bank, the Schengen Agreement, NATO, and OECD. It also participates in the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8) regional co-operation format.
Etymology
The first known record of the name of Lithuania (
Since Lietuva has a suffix (-uva), there should be a corresponding original word with no suffix.
Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis,
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2024) |
The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded about 10,000 years ago,[34][35] but the first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD.[36] Lithuanians, one of the Baltic peoples, later conquered neighboring lands and established the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th century (and also a short-lived Kingdom of Lithuania). The Grand Duchy was a successful and lasting warrior state. It remained fiercely independent and was one of the last areas of Europe to adopt Christianity (beginning in the 14th century). A formidable power, it became the largest state in Europe in the 15th century spread from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, through the conquest of large groups of East Slavs who resided in Ruthenia.[37]
In 1385, the Grand Duchy formed a
On 16 February 1918, Lithuania was re-established as a sovereign state. It remained independent until the onset of World War II, when it was occupied by the Soviet Union under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Following a brief occupation by Nazi Germany after the Nazis waged war on the Soviet Union, Lithuania was again absorbed into the Soviet Union for nearly 50 years.
1990–present
On 11 March 1990, the Supreme Council announced the restoration of Lithuania's independence. Lithuania became the first Soviet-occupied state to announce the restitution of independence. On 20 April 1990, the Soviets imposed an economic blockade by ceasing to deliver supplies of raw materials to Lithuania.[39] Not only domestic industry, but also the population started feeling the lack of fuel, essential goods, and even hot water. Although the blockade lasted for 74 days, Lithuania did not renounce the declaration of independence.
Gradually, economic relations were restored. However, tensions peaked again in January 1991. Attempts were made to carry out a coup using the
On 25 October 1992, citizens voted in a referendum to adopt the current constitution. On 14 February 1993, during the direct general elections, Algirdas Brazauskas became the first president after the restoration of independence. On 31 August 1993 the last units of the former Soviet Army left Lithuania.[44]
On 31 May 2001, Lithuania joined the World Trade Organization (WTO).[45] Since March 2004, Lithuania has been part of NATO.[46] On 1 May 2004, it became a full member of the European Union,[47] and a member of the Schengen Agreement in December 2007.[48] On 1 January 2015, Lithuania joined the eurozone and adopted the European Union's single currency.[49] On 4 July 2018, Lithuania officially joined the OECD.[50] Dalia Grybauskaitė was the first female President of Lithuania (2009–19) and the first to be re-elected for a second consecutive term.[51] On 24 February 2022, Lithuania declared a state of emergency in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[52] Together with seven other NATO member states, it invoked NATO Article 4 to hold consultations on security.[53] On 11–12 July 2023, the 2023 NATO summit was held in Vilnius.[54]
Geography
Lithuania is located in the Baltic region of
Lithuania lies at the edge of the
After a re-estimation of the boundaries of the
Climate
Lithuania has a temperate climate with both
Average temperatures on the coast are −2.5 °C (27.5 °F) in January and 16 °C (61 °F) in July. In Vilnius, the average temperatures are −6 °C (21 °F) in January and 17 °C (63 °F) in July. During the summer, 20 °C (68 °F) is common during the day, while 14 °C (57 °F) is common at night; in the past, temperatures have reached as high as 30 or 35 °C (86 or 95 °F). Some winters can be very cold. −20 °C (−4 °F) occurs almost every winter. Winter extremes are −34 °C (−29 °F) in coastal areas and −43 °C (−45 °F) in the east of Lithuania.
The average annual precipitation is 800 mm (31.5 in) on the coast, 900 mm (35.4 in) in the Samogitia highlands, and 600 mm (23.6 in) in the eastern part of the country. Snow occurs every year, and it can snow from October to April. In some years, sleet can fall in September or May. The growing season lasts 202 days in the western part of the country and 169 days in the eastern part. Severe storms are rare in the eastern part of Lithuania but common in the coastal areas.
The longest records of measured temperature in the Baltic area cover about 250 years. The data show warm periods during the latter half of the 18th century, and that the 19th century was a relatively cool period. An early 20th-century warming culminated in the 1930s, followed by a smaller cooling that lasted until the 1960s. A warming trend has persisted since then.[57]
Lithuania experienced a drought in 2002, causing forest and peat bog fires.[58]
Environment
After the restoration of Lithuania's independence in 1990, the Aplinkos apsaugos įstatymas (Environmental Protection Act) was adopted already in 1992. The law provided the foundations for regulating social relations in the field of environmental protection, established the basic rights and obligations of legal and natural persons in preserving the biodiversity inherent in Lithuania, ecological systems and the landscape.
Lithuania does not have high mountains and its landscape is dominated by blooming meadows, dense forests and fertile fields of cereals. However, it stands out by the abundance of
Forest has long been one of the most important natural resources in Lithuania. Forests occupy one-third of the country's territory and timber-related industrial production accounts for almost 11% of industrial production in the country.[65] Lithuania has five national parks,[66] 30 regional parks,[67] 402 nature reserves,[68] 668 state-protected natural heritage objects.[69]
In 2018 Lithuania was ranked fifth, second to Sweden (first 3 places were not granted) in the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI).[70] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.62/10, ranking it 162nd globally out of 172 countries.[71]
Biodiversity
Lithuanian ecosystems include natural and semi-natural (forests,
Agricultural land comprises 54% of Lithuania's territory (roughly 70% of that is arable land and 30% meadows and pastures), approximately 400,000 ha of agricultural land is not farmed, and acts as an ecological niche for weeds and invasive plant species. Habitat deterioration is occurring in regions with very productive and expensive lands as crop areas are expanded. Currently, 18.9% of all plant species, including 1.87% of all known fungi species and 31% of all known species of lichens, are listed in the
The wildlife populations have rebounded as the hunting became more restricted and urbanization allowed replanting forests (forests already tripled in size since their lows). Currently, Lithuania has approximately 250,000 larger wild animals or 5 per each square kilometre. The most prolific large wild animal in every part of Lithuania is the
Government and politics
Government
Since Lithuania declared the restoration of its independence on 11 March 1990, it has maintained strong democratic traditions. It held its first independent general elections on 25 October 1992, in which 56.75% of voters supported the
The Lithuanian head of state is the president, directly elected for a five-year term and serving a maximum of two terms. The president oversees foreign affairs and national security, and is the commander-in-chief of the military.[77] The president also appoints the prime minister and, on the latter's nomination, the rest of the cabinet, as well as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for all courts except the Constitutional Court.[77] The current Lithuanian head of state, Gitanas Nausėda was elected on 26 May 2019 by unanimously winning in all municipalities of Lithuania on the second election tour.[78]
The judges of the
Political parties and elections
Lithuania was one of the first countries in the world to grant women a right to vote in the elections. Lithuanian women were allowed to vote by the 1918 Constitution of Lithuania and used their newly granted right for the first time in 1919. By doing so, Lithuania allowed it earlier than such democratic countries as the United States (1920), France (1945), Greece (1952), Switzerland (1971).[80]
Lithuania exhibits a fragmented multi-party system,
The President of Lithuania is the head of state of the country, elected to a five-year term in a majority vote. Elections take place on the last Sunday no more than two months before the end of current presidential term.[85] To be eligible for election, candidates must be at least 40 years old on the election day and reside in Lithuania for at least three years, in addition to satisfying the eligibility criteria for a member of the parliament. Same President may serve for not more than two terms.[86] Gitanas Nausėda has won the most recent election as an independent candidate in 2019.[78]
Each municipality in Lithuania is governed by a municipal council and a mayor, who is a member of the municipal council. The number of members, elected on a four-year term, in each municipal council depends on the size of the municipality and varies from 15 (in municipalities with fewer than 5,000 residents) to 51 (in municipalities with more than 500,000 residents). 1,524 municipal council members were elected in 2015.[87] Members of the council, with the exception of the mayor, are elected using proportional representation. Starting with 2015, the mayor is elected directly by the majority of residents of the municipality.[88] Social Democratic Party of Lithuania won most of the positions in the 2015 elections (372 municipal councils seats and 16 mayors).[89]
As of 2019, the number of seats in the European Parliament allocated to Lithuania was 11.[90] Ordinary elections take place on a Sunday on the same day as in other EU countries. The vote is open to all citizens of Lithuania, as well as citizens of other EU countries that permanently reside in Lithuania, who are at least 18 years old on the election day. To be eligible for election, candidates must be at least 21 years old on the election day, a citizen of Lithuania or a citizen of another EU country permanently residing in Lithuania. Candidates are not allowed to stand for election in more than one country. Persons serving or due to serve a sentence imposed by the court 65 days before the election are not eligible. Also, judges, citizens performing military service, and servicemen of professional military service and officials of statutory institutions and establishments may not stand for election.[91] Six political parties and one committee representatives gained seats in the 2019 elections.[92]
Law and law enforcement
The first attempt to
In 1934–1935, Lithuania held the first mass trial of the Nazis in Europe, the convicted were sentenced to imprisonment in a heavy labor prison and capital punishments.[95]
After regaining of independence in 1990, the largely modified Soviet legal codes were in force for about a decade. The current
The European Union law is an integral part of the Lithuanian legal system since 1 May 2004.[98]
Lithuania, after breaking away from the Soviet Union, had a difficult crime situation, however, the Lithuanian law enforcement agencies fought crime over the years, making Lithuania a reasonably safe country.[99] Crime in Lithuania has been declining rapidly.[100] Law enforcement in Lithuania is primarily the responsibility of local Lietuvos policija (Lithuanian Police) commissariats. They are supplemented by the Lietuvos policijos antiteroristinių operacijų rinktinė Aras (Anti-Terrorist Operations Team of the Lithuanian Police Aras), Lietuvos kriminalinės policijos biuras (Lithuanian Criminal Police Bureau), Lietuvos policijos kriminalistinių tyrimų centras (Lithuanian Police Forensic Research Center) and Lietuvos kelių policijos tarnyba (Lithuanian Road Police Service).[101]
In 2017, there were 63,846 crimes registered in Lithuania. Of these, thefts comprised a large part with 19,630 cases (13.2% less than in 2016). While 2,835 crimes were serious and very serious (crimes that may lead to more than six years imprisonment), which is 14.5% less than in 2016. In total, 129 homicides or attempted homicide occurred (19.9% less than in 2016), while serious bodily harm was registered 178 times (17.6% less than in 2016). Another problematic crime contraband cases also decreased by 27.2% from 2016 numbers. Meanwhile, crimes in electronic data and information technology security fields noticeably increased by 26.6%.[102] In the 2013 Special Eurobarometer, 29% of Lithuanians said that corruption affects their daily lives (EU average 26%). Moreover, 95% of Lithuanians regarded corruption as widespread in their country (EU average 76%), and 88% agreed that bribery and the use of connections is often the easiest way of obtaining certain public services (EU average 73%).[103] Though, according to local branch of Transparency International, corruption levels have been decreasing over the past decade.[104]
Capital punishment in Lithuania was suspended in 1996 and eliminated in 1998.[105] Lithuania has the highest number of prison inmates in the EU. According to scientist Gintautas Sakalauskas, this is not because of a high criminality rate in the country, but due to Lithuania's high repression level and the lack of trust of the convicted, who are frequently sentenced to imprisonment.[106]
Administrative divisions
The current system of administrative division was established in 1994 and modified in 2000 to meet the requirements of the European Union. The country's 10 counties (Lithuanian: singular – apskritis, plural – apskritys) are subdivided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: singular – savivaldybė, plural – savivaldybės), and further divided into 500 elderships (Lithuanian: singular – seniūnija, plural – seniūnijos).
Municipalities have been the most important unit of administration in Lithuania since the system of
Elderships, numbering over 500, are the smallest administrative units and do not play a role in national politics. They provide necessary local public services—for example, registering births and deaths in rural areas. They are most active in the social sector, identifying needy individuals or families and organizing and distributing welfare and other forms of relief.[109] Some citizens feel that elderships have no real power and receive too little attention, and that they could otherwise become a source of local initiative for addressing rural problems.[110]
County | Area (km2) | Population (2023)[111] | GDP (billion EUR)[112] | GDP per capita (EUR)[112] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alytus County | 5,425 | 135,367 | 1.8 | 13,600 |
Kaunas County | 8,089 | 580,333 | 13.7 | 23,900 |
Klaipėda County | 5,209 | 336,104 | 7.0 | 21,300 |
Marijampolė County | 4,463 | 135,891 | 2.0 | 14,400 |
Panevėžys County | 7,881 | 211,652 | 3.6 | 17,100 |
Šiauliai County | 8,540 | 261,764 | 4.6 | 17,600 |
Tauragė County | 4,411 | 90,652 | 1.2 | 13,200 |
Telšiai County | 4,350 | 131,431 | 2.2 | 16,900 |
Utena County | 7,201 | 125,462 | 1.7 | 13,800 |
Vilnius County | 9,731 | 851,346 | 29.4 | 35,300 |
Lithuania | 65,300 | 2,860,002 | 67.4 | 23,800 |
Foreign relations
Lithuania became a member of the United Nations on 18 September 1991, and is a signatory to a number of its organizations and other international agreements. It is also a member of the
Lithuania has established diplomatic relations with 149 countries.[114]
In 2011, Lithuania hosted the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Ministerial Council Meeting. During the second half of 2013, Lithuania assumed the role of the presidency of the European Union.
Lithuania is also active in developing cooperation among northern European countries. It is a member of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly, the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers and the Council of the Baltic Sea States.
Lithuania also cooperates with Nordic and the two other Baltic countries through the Nordic-Baltic Eight format. A similar format, NB6, unites Nordic and Baltic members of EU. NB6's focus is to discuss and agree on positions before presenting them to the Council of the European Union and at the meetings of EU foreign affairs ministers.
The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) was established in Copenhagen in 1992 as an informal regional political forum. Its main aim is to promote integration and to close contacts between the region's countries. The members of CBSS are Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Germany, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Russia, and the European Commission. Its observer states are Belarus, France, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine.
The Nordic Council of Ministers and Lithuania engage in political cooperation to attain mutual goals and to determine new trends and possibilities for joint cooperation. The council's information office aims to disseminate Nordic concepts and to demonstrate and promote Nordic cooperation.
Lithuania, together with the five Nordic countries and the two other Baltic countries, is a member of the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) and cooperates in its NORDPLUS programme, which is committed to education.
The Baltic Development Forum (BDF) is an independent nonprofit organization that unites large companies, cities, business associations and institutions in the Baltic Sea region. In 2010 the BDF's 12th summit was held in Vilnius.[115]
Poland was highly supportive of Lithuanian independence, despite Lithuania's discriminatory treatment of its Polish minority.[116][117] The former Solidarity leader and Polish President Lech Wałęsa criticised the government of Lithuania over discrimination against the Polish minority and rejected Lithuania's Order of Vytautas the Great.[118] Lithuania maintains greatly warm mutual relations with Georgia and strongly supports its European Union and NATO aspirations.[119][120][121] During the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, when the Russian troops were occupying the territory of Georgia and approaching towards the Georgian capital Tbilisi, President Valdas Adamkus, together with the Polish and Ukrainian presidents, went to Tbilisi by answering to the Georgians request of the international assistance.[122][123] Shortly, Lithuanians and the Lithuanian Catholic Church also began collecting financial support for the war victims.[124][125]
In 2004–2009,
In 2013, Lithuania was elected to the
In 2018 Lithuania, along with Latvia and Estonia were awarded the Peace of Westphalia Prize – for their exceptional model of democratic development and contribution to peace in the continent.[132] In 2019 Lithuania condemned the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.[133] In December 2021, Lithuania reported that in an escalation of the diplomatic spat with China over its relations with Taiwan,[134] China had stopped all imports from Lithuania.[135] According to Lithuanian intelligence agencies, in 2023 there was an increase in Chinese intelligence activity against Lithuania, including cyberespionage and increased focus on Lithuania's internal affairs and foreign policy.[136]
The 2023 NATO summit was held in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius.[137]
Military
The Lithuanian Armed Forces is the name for the unified armed forces of
The Lithuanian Armed Forces consist of some 20,000 active personnel, which may be supported by
Lithuania became a full member of
Beginning in summer of 2005, Lithuania was part of the
The Lithuanian National Defence Policy aims to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters and airspace, and its constitutional order. Its main strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, and to maintain and expand the capabilities of its armed forces so they may contribute to and participate in the missions of NATO and European Union member states.[143]
The
According to NATO, in 2020, Lithuania allocated 2.13% of its
Lithuania's president
Economy
This section needs to be updated.(May 2024) |
Lithuania has an open and
Agricultural products and food comprise 18% of exports; other major sectors include chemical products and plastics (18%), machinery and appliances (16%), mineral products (15%), wood and furniture (13%).[153] As of 2016[update] more than half of exports go to 7 countries including Russia (14%), Latvia (10%), Poland (9%), Germany (8%), Estonia (5%), Sweden (%) and the UK (4%).[154] Exports equaled 81% of GDP in 2017.[155]
GDP experienced very high real growth rates for the decade up to 2009, peaking at 11% in 2007. As a result, the country was often termed a Baltic Tiger. However, in 2009 due to the 2007–2008 financial crisis, GDP contracted 15%[156] and unemployment rate reached 17.8% in 2010.[157] Growth has since been much slower. According to the IMF, financial conditions are conducive to growth and financial soundness indicators remain strong. The public debt ratio in 2016 was 40% of GDP, it had been 15% in 2008.[158]
On average, more than 95% of all foreign direct investment comes from EU countries. Sweden is historically the largest investor with 20% – 30% of FDI.[159] FDI into Lithuania spiked in 2017, reaching its highest ever recorded number of greenfield investment projects. In 2017, Lithuania was third, after Ireland and Singapore by the average job value of investment projects.[160] The US was the leading source country in 2017, 25% of total FDI. Next up were Germany and the UK, each representing 11% of total project numbers.[161] Based on the Eurostat's data, in 2017, the value of exports recorded the most rapid growth not only in the Baltic countries, but across Europe, which was 17%.[162]
Between 2004 and 2016, one out of five Lithuanians emigrated, primarily due to insufficient income for residents;[163] secondarily seeking to study. Long term emigration and economic growth has resulted in a shortage in the labor market[164] and growth in salaries being larger than growth in labor efficiency.[165] Unemployment in 2017 was 8%.[166]
As of 2022, Lithuanian
Lithuania has a flat tax rather than a progressive scheme. The personal income tax (15%) and corporate tax (15%) rates are among the lowest in the EU.[169] The country has the lowest implicit rate of tax on capital (9.8%) in the EU. The corporate tax rate is 15% and 5% for small businesses; 7 free economic zones operate.[170]
Companies
There were the largest companies of Lithuania in 2023
Rank | Name | Headquarters | Revenue (bil. €) |
Employees | Industry |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Orlen Lietuva, AB | Mažeikiai | 6.427 | 1,545 | petrol
|
2. | Maxima LT, UAB | Vilnius | 2.143 | 11,704 | Retail |
3. | Ignitis, UAB | Vilnius | 1.381 | 404 | Electric power industry |
4. | Linas Agro, AB | Panevėžys | 1.177 | 216 | Agribusiness |
5. | Circle K Lietuva, UAB | Vilnius | 1.154 | 1.025 | Petrol stations
|
6. | Viada LT, UAB | Vilnius | 0.897 | 1,197 | |
7. | Iki Lietuva , UAB |
Vilnius | 0.887 | 5,650 | Retail |
8. | Thermo Fisher Scientific Baltics, UAB | Vilnius | 0.821 | 1,556 | pharmaceutical
|
9. | Lidl Lietuva, UAB | Vilnius | 0.819 | 3,071 | Retail |
10. | Sanitex, UAB | Kaunas | 0.806 | 1,260 | Wholesale, logistics
|
Agriculture
Agriculture in Lithuania dates to the
In 2016, agricultural production was €2.3 billion.
Organic farming is becoming more popular. The status of organic growers and producers is granted by the public body Ekoagros. In 2016, there were 2539 such farms that occupied 225,542 hectares. Of these, 43% were cereals, 31% perennial grasses, 14% leguminous crops and 12% others.[182]
Science and technology
The foundation of the
The world wars of the 20th century severely diminished Lithuanian science and academia, although Lithuanian scholars and scientists managed to succeed, particularly abroad, including philosopher
Lasers and biotechnology are flagship fields of the Lithuanian science and high-tech industry.[192][193] Šviesos konversija ("Light Conversion") has developed a femtosecond laser system that has 80% market share worldwide, with applications in DNA research, ophthalmological surgeries, and nanotechnology.[194][195] The Vilnius University Laser Research Center has developed one of the most powerful femtosecond lasers in the world dedicated primarily to oncological diseases.[196] In 1963, Vytautas Straižys and his colleagues created Vilnius photometric system that is used in astronomy.[197] Noninvasive intracranial pressure and blood flow measuring devices were developed by KTU scientist A. Ragauskas.[198] Kęstutis Pyragas contributed to the study of chaos theory with his method of delayed feedback control, the Pyragas method. Kavli Prize laureate Virginijus Šikšnys is known for his discoveries in CRISPR, namely with respect to CRISPR-Cas9.[199][200]
Lithuania has launched three satellites to space:
Lithuania in 2018 became an Associated Member State of CERN.[206] Two CERN incubators in Vilnius and Kaunas will be hosted.[207] The most advanced scientific research is being conducted at the Life Sciences Center,[208] Center For Physical Sciences and Technology.[209]
As of 2016 calculations, yearly growth of Lithuania's biotech and life science sector was 22% over the past 5 years. 16 academic institutions, 15 R&D centres (science parks and innovation valleys) and more than 370 manufacturers operate in the Lithuanian life science and biotech industry.[210]
In 2008 the Valley development programme was started aiming to upgrade Lithuanian scientific research infrastructure and encourage business and science cooperation. Five R&D Valleys were launched – Jūrinis (maritime technologies), Nemunas (agro, bioenergy, forestry), Saulėtekis (laser and light, semiconductor), Santara (biotechnology, medicine), Santaka (sustainable chemistry and pharmacy).[211] Lithuanian Innovation Center is created to provide support for innovations and research institutions.[212]
Lithuania ranks moderately in the
Tourism
Statistics from 2023 showed 1.4 million tourists from foreign countries visited Lithuania and spent at least one night. The largest number of tourists came from Poland (173,500), Latvia (144,300), Belarus (141,900), Germany (127,400), the United Kingdom (74,200), the United States (69,700), Ukraine (67,000), and Estonia (61,300).[216]
Domestic tourism has been on the rise as well. Currently there are up to 1000 places of attraction in Lithuania. Most tourists visit the big cities—Vilnius, Klaipėda, and Kaunas, seaside resorts, such as Neringa, Palanga, and Spa towns – Druskininkai, Birštonas.[217]
Hot air ballooning is popular, especially in Vilnius and Trakai. Bicycle tourism is growing, especially the Lithuanian Seaside Cycle Route. EuroVelo routes EV10, EV11, EV13 go through Lithuania. The total length of bicycle tracks amounts to 3769 km (of which 1988 km is asphalt pavement).[218] Nemunas Delta Regional Park and Žuvintas biosphere reserve are known for birdwatching.[219]
The total contribution of tourism to GDP had been forecast to rise to €3.2 billion, 7% of GDP by 2027,[220] but has decreased to €1.7 billion, 2.3% of GDP in 2023, although it is rising post COVID-19 pandemic.[221]
Infrastructure
Communication
Lithuania has a well developed communications infrastructure. The country has 2.8 million citizens[222] and 5 million SIM cards.[223] The largest LTE (4G) mobile network covers 97% of Lithuania's territory.[224] Usage of fixed phone lines has been rapidly decreasing due to rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services.[225]
In 2017, Lithuania was top 30 in the world by average mobile broadband speeds and top 20 by average fixed broadband speeds.[226] Lithuania was also top 7 in 2017 in the List of countries by 4G LTE penetration. In 2016, Lithuania was ranked 17th in United Nations' e-participation index.[227][228]
There are four TIER III datacenters in Lithuania.[229] Lithuania is 44th globally ranked country on data center density according to Cloudscene.[230]
Long-term project (2005–2013) – Development of Rural Areas Broadband Network (RAIN) was started with the objective to provide residents, state and municipal authorities and businesses with fibre-optic broadband access in rural areas. RAIN infrastructure allows 51 communications operators to provide network services to their clients. The project was funded by the European Union and the Lithuanian government.
Transport
Lithuania received its first railway connection in the middle of the 19th century, when the
Transportation is the third largest sector in Lithuanian economy.[241] Lithuanian transport companies drew attention in 2016[242] and 2017[243] with huge and record-breaking orders of trucks. Almost 90% of commercial truck traffic in Lithuania is international transports, the highest of any EU country.[244]
Lithuania has an extensive network of motorways. WEF grades Lithuanian roads at 4.7 / 7.0[245] and Lithuanian road authority (LAKD) at 6.5 / 10.0.[246]
The Port of Klaipėda is the only commercial cargo port in Lithuania. In 2011 45.5 million tons of cargo were handled (including Būtingė oil terminal figures)[247] Port of Klaipėda is outside of EU's 20 largest ports,[248][249] but it is the eighth largest port in the Baltic Sea region[250][251] with ongoing expansion plans.[252]
As of 2022, the LIWA (Lithuanian Inland Waterways Authority, Vidaus vandens keliu direkcija in Lithuanian) is developing a strategy to resurrect cargo shipping on the Nemunas. Its fleet of electric ships will travel 260 km between the port of Klaipda on the Baltic Sea coast and the industrial and transportation centre of Kaunas.[253] The project is anticipated to need a €75.7 million initial investment in total. and estimated to eliminate 48 000 truck trips annually.[254][255]
Water supply and sanitation
Lithuania has one of the largest fresh water supplies, compared with other countries in Europe. Lithuania and Denmark are the only countries in Europe, which are fully equipped with fresh groundwater. Lithuanians consume about 0.5 million cubic metres of water per day, which is only 12–14 percent of all explored fresh groundwater resources.[259] Water quality in the country is very high and is determined by the fact that drinking water comes from deep layers that are protected from pollution on the surface of the earth. Drilling depth usually reaches 30–50 metres, but in Klaipėda Region it even reaches 250 metres. Consequently, Lithuania is one of very few European countries where groundwater is used for centralized water supply. With a large underground fresh water reserves, Lithuania exports mineral-rich water to other countries. Approved mineral water quantity is about 2.7 million cubic metres per year, while production is only 4–5 percent of all mineral water resources.[260]
Energy
Systematic diversification of energy imports and resources is Lithuania's key energy strategy.[262] Long-term aims were defined in National Energy Independence strategy in 2012 by Lietuvos Seimas.[263] It was estimated that strategic energy independence initiatives will cost €6.3–7.8 billion in total and provide annual savings of €0.9–1.1 billion.
After the decommissioning of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, Lithuania turned from electricity exporter to electricity importer. Unit No. 1 was closed in December 2004, as a condition of Lithuania's entry into the European Union; Unit No. 2 was closed down on 31 December 2009. Proposals have been made to construct a new – Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant in Lithuania.[264] However, a non-binding referendum held in October 2012 clouded the prospects for the Visaginas project, as 63% of voters said no to a new nuclear power plant.[265]
The country's main primary source of electrical power is Elektrėnai Power Plant. Other primary sources of Lithuania's electrical power are Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant and Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant. Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant is the only in the Baltic states power plant to be used for regulation of the power system's operation with generating capacity of 900 MW for at least 12 hours.[266] As of 2015[update], 66% of electrical power was imported.[267] First geothermal heating plant (Klaipėda Geothermal Demonstration Plant) in the Baltic Sea region was built in 2004.
Lithuania–Sweden submarine electricity interconnection NordBalt and Lithuania–Poland electricity interconnection LitPol Link were launched at the end of 2015.[268]
In 2018, synchronising the Baltic states' electricity grid with the Synchronous grid of Continental Europe has started.[269] In 2016, 20.8% of electricity consumed in Lithuania came from renewable sources.[270]
In order to break down
Demographics
Since the Neolithic period, the demographics of Lithuania have stayed fairly homogenous. There is a high probability that the inhabitants of present-day Lithuania have similar genetic compositions to their ancestors,[275][276][277] although without being actually isolated from them.[278] The Lithuanian population appears to be relatively homogeneous, without apparent genetic differences among ethnic subgroups.[279]
A 2004 analysis of
In 2021, the age structure of the population was as follows:
- 0–14 years, 14.86% (male 214,113/female 203,117)
- 15–64 years: 65.19% (male 896,400/female 934,467)
- 65 years and over: 19.95% (male 195,269/female 365,014).[281]
The median age in 2022 was 44 years (male: 41, female: 47).[281]
Lithuania has a
Functional urban areas
Functional urban areas[282]
|
Population (2022) |
---|---|
Vilnius urban area | 716,856 |
Kaunas urban area | 393,397 |
Panevėžys urban area | 122,854 |
Ethnic groups and languages
Lithuania has the most homogeneous population in the Baltic States. Ethnic Lithuanians make up about five-sixths of the country's population. In 2024, 82.6% of the 2,809,977 Lithuania's residents were ethnic
The official language is Lithuanian, but in some areas there is a significant presence of minority languages such as Polish, Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. The greatest presence of minorities and the use of these languages are in Šalčininkai, Visaginas, and Vilnius District.[284] Yiddish is spoken by members of the tiny remaining Jewish community in Lithuania. The state laws guarantee education in minority languages and there are numerous publicly funded schools in the areas populated by minorities, with Polish as the language of instruction being the most widely available.[288]
According to the survey carried out within the framework of the
Urbanization
There has been a steady
Rank | Name | County | Pop. | Rank | Name | County | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vilnius Kaunas |
1 | Vilnius | Vilnius | 605,270 | 11 | Kėdainiai | Kaunas | 23,359 | Klaipėda Šiauliai |
2 | Kaunas | Kaunas | 304,731 | 12 | Telšiai | Telšiai | 21,920 | ||
3 | Klaipėda | Klaipėda | 160,357 | 13 | Ukmergė | Vilnius | 21,383 | ||
4 | Šiauliai | Šiauliai | 112,581 | 14 | Tauragė | Tauragė | 21,344 | ||
5 | Panevėžys | Panevėžys | 86,202 | 15 | Visaginas | Utena | 19,214 | ||
6 | Alytus | Alytus | 50,996 | 16 | Palanga | Klaipėda | 18,187 | ||
7 | Marijampolė | Marijampolė | 36,567 | 17 | Plungė | Telšiai | 17,105 | ||
8 | Mažeikiai | Telšiai | 33,340 | 18 | Kretinga | Klaipėda | 16,874 | ||
9 | Utena | Utena | 27,175 | 19 | Šilutė | Klaipėda | 15,995 | ||
10 | Jonava | Kaunas | 26,720 | 20 | Radviliškis | Šiauliai | 15,604 |
Health
Lithuania provides free state-funded healthcare to all citizens and registered long-term residents.[296] It co-exists with a significant private healthcare sector. In 2003–2012, the network of hospitals was restructured, as part of wider healthcare service reforms. It started in 2003–2005 with the expansion of ambulatory services and primary care.[297] In 2016, Lithuania ranked 27th in Europe in the
As of 2023[update], Lithuanian life expectancy at birth was 76.0 (70.6 years for males and 81.6 for females)[298] and the infant mortality rate was 2.99 per 1,000 births.[299] The annual population growth rate increased by 0.3% in 2007. Lithuania has seen a dramatic rise in suicides in the 1990s.[300] The suicide rate has been constantly decreasing since, but it still remains the highest in the EU and one of the highest in the OECD. The suicide rate as of 2019 is 20.2 per 100,000 people.[300] Suicide in Lithuania has been a subject of research, but the main reasons behind the high rate are thought to be both psychological and economic, including: social transformations and economic recessions, alcoholism, lack of tolerance in the society and bullying.[301]
By 2000, the vast majority of Lithuanian health care institutions were non-profit-making enterprises and a private sector developed, providing mostly outpatient services which are paid for out-of-pocket. The Ministry of Health also runs a few health care facilities and is involved in the running of the two major Lithuanian teaching hospitals. It is responsible for the State Public Health Centre which manages the public health network including ten county public health centres with their local branches. The ten counties run county hospitals and specialised health care facilities.[302]
There is Compulsory Health Insurance for the Lithuanian residents. There are 5 Territorial Health Insurance Funds, covering Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai and Panevėžys. Contributions for people who are economically active are 9% of income.[303]
Emergency medical services are provided free of charge to all residents. Access to the secondary and tertiary care, such as hospital treatment, is normally via referral by a general practitioner.[304] Lithuania also has one of the lowest health care prices in Europe.[305]
Religion
According to the 2021 census, 74.2% of residents of Lithuania were Catholics.
3.7% of the population are Eastern Orthodox, mainly among the Russian minority.[3] The community of Old Believers (0.6% of population) dates back to the 1660s.
Hinduism is a minority religion and a fairly recent development in Lithuania. Hinduism is spread in Lithuania by Hindu organizations:
The historical communities of Lipka Tatars maintain Islam as their religion. Lithuania was historically home to a significant Jewish community and was an important centre of Jewish scholarship and culture from the 18th century until the eve of World War II. Of the approximately 220,000 Jews who lived in Lithuania in June 1941, almost all were killed during the Holocaust.[309][310] The Lithuanian Jewish community numbered about 4,000 at the end of 2009.[311]
Education
The Constitution of Lithuania mandates ten-year education ending at age 16 and guarantees a free public higher education for students deemed 'good'.[319] The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania proposes national educational policies and goals that are then voted for in the Seimas. Laws govern long-term educational strategy along with general laws on standards for higher education, vocational training, law and science, adult education, and special education.[320] 5.4% of GDP or 15.4% of total public expenditure was spent for education in 2016.[321]
According to the World Bank, the literacy rate among Lithuanians aged 15 years and older is 100%.[322] School attendance rates are above the EU average and school leave is less common than in the EU. According to Eurostat Lithuania leads among other countries of the European Union in people with secondary education (93.3%).[323] Based on OECD data, Lithuania is among the top 5 countries in the world in postsecondary (tertiary) education attainment.[324] As of 2016[update], 54.9% of the population aged 25 to 34, and 30.7% of the population aged 55 to 64 had completed tertiary education.[325] The share of tertiary-educated 25–64-year-olds in STEM (Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields in Lithuania were above the OECD average (29% and 26% respectively), similarly to business, administration and law (25% and 23% respectively).[326]
Modern Lithuanian education system has multiple structural problems. Insufficient funding, quality issues, and decreasing student population are the most prevalent. Lithuanian teacher salaries are the lowest in the entire EU.
As of 2008[update], there were 15 public and 6 private universities as well as 16 public and 11 private colleges in Lithuania (see:
Culture
Lithuanian language
The Lithuanian language (lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 0.2 million abroad.
Lithuanian is a
There are two main dialects of the Lithuanian language:
The groundwork for written Lithuanian was laid in 16th and 17th centuries by Lithuanian noblemen and scholars, who promoted Lithuanian language, created dictionaries and published books – Mikalojus Daukša, Stanislovas Rapolionis, Abraomas Kulvietis, Jonas Bretkūnas, Martynas Mažvydas, Konstantinas Sirvydas, Simonas Vaišnoras-Varniškis.[348] The first grammar book of the Lithuanian language Grammatica Litvanica was published in Latin in 1653 by Danielius Kleinas.
Jonas Jablonskis' works and activities are especially important for the Lithuanian literature moving from the use of dialects to a standard Lithuanian language. The linguistic material which he collected was published in the 20 volumes of Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian and is still being used in research and in editing of texts and books. He also introduced the letter ū into Lithuanian writing.[349]
Literature
There is a great deal of Lithuanian literature written in Latin, the main scholarly language of the Middle Ages. The edicts of the Lithuanian King Mindaugas are the prime example of the literature of this kind. The Letters of Gediminas are another crucial heritage of the Lithuanian Latin writings.
One of the first Lithuanian authors who wrote in Latin was
17th century Lithuanian scholars also wrote in Latin –
Lithuanian literary works in the Lithuanian language started being first published in the 16th century. In 1547 Martynas Mažvydas compiled and published the first printed Lithuanian book Katekizmo prasti žodžiai (The Simple Words of Catechism), which marks the beginning of literature, printed in Lithuanian. He was followed by Mikalojus Daukša with Katechizmas. In the 16th and 17th centuries, as in the whole Christian Europe, Lithuanian literature was primarily religious.
The evolution of the old (14th–18th century) Lithuanian literature ends with Kristijonas Donelaitis, one of the most prominent authors of the Age of Enlightenment. Donelaitis' poem Metai (The Seasons) is a landmark of the Lithuanian fiction literature, written in hexameter.[352]
With a mix of
20th-century Lithuanian literature is represented by Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, Antanas Vienuolis, Bernardas Brazdžionis, Antanas Škėma, Balys Sruoga, Vytautas Mačernis and Justinas Marcinkevičius.
In 21st century debuted Kristina Sabaliauskaitė, Renata Šerelytė, Valdas Papievis, Laura Sintija Černiauskaitė, Rūta Šepetys.
Architecture
Several
Lithuania is also known for
During the interwar period, Art Deco, Lithuanian National Romanticism architectural style buildings were constructed in the Lithuania's temporary capital Kaunas. Its architecture is regarded as one of the finest examples of the European Art Deco and has received the European Heritage Label.[358]
Arts and museums
The
Perhaps the most renowned figure in Lithuania's art community was the composer Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875–1911), an internationally renowned musician. The 2420 Čiurlionis asteroid, identified in 1975, honors his achievements. The M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum, as well as the only military museum in Lithuania, Vytautas the Great War Museum, are located in Kaunas. Franciszek Smuglewicz, Jan Rustem, Józef Oleszkiewicz and Kanuty Rusiecki are the most prominent Lithuanian painters of the 18th and 19th centuries.[361]
Theatre
Lithuania has some very famous theatre directors well known in the country and abroad. One of them is
Cinema
On 28 July 1896,
In 2018, 4,265,414 cinema tickets were sold in Lithuania with the average price of €5.26.[369]
Music
Lithuanian folk music belongs to
Italian artists organized the first opera in Lithuania on 4 September 1636 at the Palace of the Grand Dukes by the order of Władysław IV Vasa.[372] Currently, operas are staged at the Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre and also by independent troupe Vilnius City Opera.
In Lithuania,
Conductor Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla performing on the scenes of Rome, New York and Birmingham.
Modern classical composers emerged in seventies – Bronius Kutavičius, Feliksas Bajoras , Osvaldas Balakauskas, Onutė Narbutaitė, Vidmantas Bartulis and others. Most of those composers explored archaic Lithuanian music and its harmonic combination with modern minimalism and neoromanticism.[378]
Jazz scene was active even during the years of Soviet occupation. The real breakthrough would occur in 1970–71 with the coming together of the Ganelin/Tarasov/Chekasin trio, the alleged instigators of the Vilnius Jazz School.[379] Most known annual events are Vilnius Jazz Festival, Kaunas Jazz, Birštonas Jazz. Music Information Centre Lithuania (MICL) collects, promotes and shares information on Lithuanian musical culture.
Rock and protest music
After the
In the early independence years, rock band Foje was particularly popular and gathered tens of thousands of spectators to the concerts.[386] After disbanding in 1997, Foje vocalist Andrius Mamontovas remained one of the most prominent Lithuanian performers and an active participant in various charity events.[387] Marijonas Mikutavičius is famous for creating unofficial Lithuania sport anthem Trys milijonai (Three million) and official anthem of the EuroBasket 2011 Nebetyli sirgaliai (English version was named Celebrate Basketball).[388][389]
Cuisine
Lithuanian cuisine features the products suited to the cool and
Dairy products are an important part of traditional Lithuanian cuisine. These include white cottage cheese (varškės sūris), curd (varškė), soured milk (rūgpienis), sour cream (grietinė), butter (sviestas), and sour cream butter kastinis. Traditional meat products are usually seasoned, matured and smoked – smoked sausages (dešros), lard (lašiniai), skilandis, smoked ham (kumpis). Soups (sriubos) – boletus soup (baravykų sriuba), cabbage soup (kopūstų sriuba), beer soup (alaus sriuba), milk soup (pieniška sriuba), cold-beet soup (šaltibarščiai) and various kinds of porridges (košės) are part of tradition and daily diet. Freshwater fish, herring, wild berries and mushrooms, honey are highly popular diet to this day.[391][392]
One of the oldest and most fundamental Lithuanian food products was and is rye bread. Rye bread is eaten every day for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Bread played an important role in family rituals and agrarian ceremonies.[393]
Lithuanians and other nations that once formed part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania share many dishes and beverages. German traditions also influenced Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato dishes, such as potato pudding (kugelis or kugel) and potato sausages (vėdarai), as well as the baroque tree cake known as Šakotis. The most exotic of all the influences is Eastern (Karaite) cuisine – the kibinai are popular in Lithuania. Lithuanian noblemen usually hired French chefs, so French cuisine influence came to Lithuania in this way.[394]
Balts were using mead (midus) for thousands of years.[395] Beer (alus) is the most common alcoholic beverage. Lithuania has a long farmhouse beer tradition, first mentioned in 11th century chronicles. Beer was brewed for ancient Baltic festivities and rituals.[396] Farmhouse brewing survived to a greater extent in Lithuania than anywhere else, and through accidents of history the Lithuanians then developed a commercial brewing culture from their unique farmhouse traditions.[397][398] Lithuania is top 5 by consumption of beer per capita in Europe in 2015, counting 75 active breweries, 32 of them are microbreweries.[399] The microbrewery scene in Lithuania has been growing in later years, with a number of bars focusing on these beers popping up in Vilnius and also in other parts of the country.
Eight Lithuanian restaurants are listed in the White Guide Baltic Top 30.[400] The local „30 geriausių restoranų” guide lists top domestic places,[401] and Lithuanian restaurants will appear in the Michelin Guide on 13 June 2024.[402]
Media
The
In 2021, the best-selling daily national newspapers in Lithuania were
In 2021, the most popular national
The most popular
Public holidays and festivals
As a result of a thousand-years history, Lithuania has two
Kaziuko mugė is an annual fair held since the beginning of the 17th century that commemorates the anniversary of Saint Casimir's death and gathers thousands of visitors and many craftsmen. Other notable festivals are Vilnius International Film Festival, Kauno Miesto Diena, Klaipėda Sea Festival, Mados infekcija, Vilnius Book Fair, Vilnius Marathon, Devilstone Open Air, Apuolė 854 , Great Žemaičių Kalvarija Festival.
Public holidays in Lithuania | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | English name | Local name | Remarks |
1 January | New Year's Day | Naujųjų metų diena | |
16 February | Day of Restoration of the State of Lithuania (1918) | Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimo diena | |
11 March | Day of Restoration of Independence of Lithuania (1990) | Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo diena | |
Moveable Sunday | Easter Sunday |
Šv. Velykos | Commemorates resurrection of Jesus. The first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March. |
The day after Easter Sunday |
Easter Monday | Antroji šv. Velykų diena | |
1 May | International Workers' Day | Tarptautinė darbo diena | |
First Sunday in May | Mother's Day | Motinos diena | |
First Sunday in June | Father's Day | Tėvo diena | |
24 June | St. John's Day / Day of Dew |
Joninės / Rasos |
Celebrated according to mostly pagan traditions ( Saint Jonas Day ).
|
6 July | Statehood Day | Valstybės (Lietuvos karaliaus Mindaugo karūnavimo) ir Tautiškos giesmės diena | Celebrates the 1253 coronation of King of Lithuania, and the national anthem of Lithuania .
|
15 August | Assumption Day | Žolinė (Švč. Mergelės Marijos ėmimo į dangų diena) | Also marked according to pagan traditions, celebrating the goddess Žemyna and noting the mid-August as the middle between summer and autumn. |
1 November | All Saints' Day | Visų šventųjų diena | Halloween is increasingly popular and is also informally celebrated on the eve (31 October). |
2 November | All Souls' Day | Mirusiųjų atminimo (Vėlinių) diena | |
24 December | Christmas Eve | Šv. Kūčios | |
25 and 26 December | Christmas Day |
Šv. Kalėdos | Commemorates birth of Jesus. |
Sports
Lithuania has won a total of
Lithuania has produced prominent athletes in athletics, modern pentathlon, road and track cycling, chess, rowing, aerobatics, strongman, wrestling, boxing, mixed martial arts, Kyokushin Karate, and other sports.
Lithuania hosted the 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup, the first time Lithuania had hosted a FIFA tournament.[409]
Few Lithuanian athletes have found success in
See also
Notes
- ^ CIA World Factbook[19] classifies it as eastern Europe, and Encyclopædia Britannica locates it in northeastern Europe.[20] Usage varies greatly, and controversially,[21]in press sources.
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External links
- Government
- The Lithuanian President Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Official site of the President of the Republic of Lithuania
- The Lithuanian Parliament Archived 31 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine – Official site of the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania
- The Lithuanian Government Archived 6 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine – Official site of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania
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- Lithuania – Real is Beautiful Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine – The Official Travel Guide by the Lithuanian National Tourism Development Agency
- General information
- The Baltic States and geopolitics Archived 25 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Lithuania Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine – Lithuanian internet gates
- Lithuania Archived 22 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Lithuania. CIA Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments Archived 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Lithuania from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Lithuania Archived 4 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of Lithuania
- Other
- Key Development Forecasts for Lithuania Archived 17 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine from International Futures
- Heraldry Archived 18 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine of Lithuania
- Geographic data related to Lithuania at OpenStreetMap