Tagatose
Names | |
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IUPAC name
D-lyxo-Hex-2-ulose[1]
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Systematic IUPAC name
(3S,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexan-2-one | |
Identifiers | |
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3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.001.612 |
E number | E963 (glazing agents, ...) |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C6H12O6 | |
Molar mass | 180.16 g/mol |
Appearance | White solid |
Melting point | 133 to 135 °C (271 to 275 °F; 406 to 408 K) |
Hazards | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Safety data sheet (SDS) | [1] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Tagatose is a
Production
Tagatose is a natural sweetener present in only small amounts in
Tagatose also can be made from starch or maltodextrin via an enzymatic cascade reaction.[5] The process to produce tagatose powder may soon involve spray drying.[6]
Development as a sweetener
D-Tagatose was proposed as a sweetener by Gilbert Levin, after unsuccessful attempts to market L-glucose for that application. He patented an inexpensive method to make tagatose in 1988.[7] The low food calorie contents is due to its resemblance to L-fructose.[8]
Safety and function
The United States
Characteristics
Functional characteristics
Low glycemic index
Tagatose has very similar sweetness to sugar while its
High blood glucose levels or repeated glycemic "spikes" following a meal may promote
Antihyperglycemic effect
The
Physical characteristics
Tagatose is a white crystalline powder with a
Marketing
In 1996, MD/Arla Foods acquired the rights to production from Spherix, the American license holder. In the following years, no products were brought to market by MD/Arla Foods, so Spherix brought them before a US Court of Arbitration for showing insufficient interest in bringing the product to market. The companies settled, with MD/Arla Foods agreeing to pay longer-term royalties to Spherix and Spherix agreeing to not take further action.
In March 2006, SweetGredients (a joint venture company of Arla Foods and Nordzucker AG) decided to shelve the tagatose project. SweetGredients was the only worldwide producer of tagatose. While progress had been made in creating a market for this innovative sweetener, it had not been possible to identify a large enough potential to justify continued investments, and SweetGredients decided to close down the manufacturing of tagatose in Nordstemmen, Germany.
In 2006, the Belgian company Nutrilab NV took over the Arla (SweetGredients) stocks and project, and set up an 800-tons-per-year production site in Italy with an enzymatic process from whey for D-tagatose with the brand name Nutrilatose. This process was said to be considerably cheaper than the chemical process previously used by Arla.[13] In 2007 Damhert N.V., the mother company of Nutrilab, released the tagatose-based sweetener Tagatesse under its own brand name, along with some other products (jams and some chocolate-based products) using tagatose [14] in the Benelux and France. Damhert's marketing strategy was to gradually build up the market for tagatose by introducing it to small and medium-sized companies. In 2013, 30% of the profits of Damhert were reported to come from tagatose, and they were preparing to scale up their production capacity to 2,500 tons per year.[13] It was also reported in February 2013 that PepsiCo and Yoplait were interested in using tagatose. Damhert were considering in the longer term building a 10,000-tons-per-annum tagatose plant in Belgium but needed to find the capital to build such a plant.[15]
One of the major producers for D-tagatose was CJ Cheiljedang, located in South Korea, under the brand name "Baeksul Tagatose". In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved CJ Cheiljedang’s enzyme conversion tagatose production as a food additive and designated it as generally recognized as safe.[16]
References
- ^ iupac.qmul.ac.uk/2carb/10.html
- S2CID 56145019.
- ^ )
- PMID 25893557.
- ^ "D-tagatose produced via novel enzymatic cascade". Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- S2CID 225111057.
- ^ A Natural Way to Stay Sweet, NASA, retrieved 2009-09-02.
- Wired.com.
- PMID 22025850.
- PMID 11128361.
- PMID 21457267.
- ^ WHO report, 13Nov 2009
- ^ a b Goodwin, Diana (20 February 2013) The sweet taste of success Flanders Today, Retrieved 27 February 2013
- ^ (2013) Tagatose Damhurt Nutrition web page, Retrieved 28 February 2013
- ^ Grommen, Stefan (5 February 2013) Pepsi en Yoplait reikhalzen naar Limburgse zoetstof (Pepsi and Yoplait would like to use Limburg sweetener) (In Dutch) Het Laatste Nieuws, Retrieved 28 February 2013
- ^ "Enforcement Reports".
External links
- Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization recommendation Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- Calorie Control Council—consumer info from artificial sweetener manufacturers organization
- MD/Arla Foods settlement with Spherix