E number

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the food additive codes. For the constant, see e (mathematical constant). For other uses, see E number (disambiguation).

A solution of E101 riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2)
Crystals of E621 monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavour enhancer

E numbers, short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used as

European Single Market
; some of these additives are no longer allowed today.

Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in 1962 with

food colouring. In 1964, the directives for preservatives were added, in 1970 antioxidants were added, in 1974 emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents were added as well.[4]

Numbering schemes

The numbering scheme follows that of the

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand,[6] Malaysia, Hong Kong,[7]
and India.

Colloquial use

In some European countries, the "E number" is used informally as a derogatory term for artificial food additives. For example, in the UK, food companies are required to include the 'E Number(s)' in the ingredients that are added as part of the manufacturing process. Many components of naturally occurring healthy foods and vitamins have assigned E numbers (and the number is a synonym for the chemical component), e.g.

E715
) is an antibiotic once used in animal feed, but is no longer permitted in the EU, and has never been permitted for human consumption.

Classification by numeric range

E number range Subranges Description
100–199 (full list)
Colours 		100–107 yellows
110–111 oranges
120–129 reds
130–139 blues and violets
140–149 greens
150–159 browns and blacks
160–199 gold and others
200–299 (full list)
Preservatives 		200–209
sorbates
210–219
benzoates
220–229 sulfites
230–239 phenols and formates (methanoates)
240–259 nitrates
260–269 acetates (ethanoates)
270–279 lactates
280–289
propionates
(propanoates)
290–299 others
300–399 (full list)
Antioxidants and acidity regulators 		300–305 ascorbates (vitamin C)
306–309 Tocopherol (vitamin E)
310–319
erythorbates
320–329 lactates
330–337
citrates and tartrates
338–343 phosphates
344–345
citrates
349–359
malates and adipates
360–369
fumarates
370–399 others
400–499 (
emulsifiers
 400–409
alginates
410–419 natural gums
420–429 other natural agents
430–439 polyoxyethene compounds
440–449 natural
emulsifiers
450–459 phosphates
460–469 cellulose compounds
470–489 fatty acids and compounds
490–499 others
500–599 (
anti-caking agents
 500–509 mineral acids and bases
510–519 chlorides and sulfates
520–529 sulfates and hydroxides
530–549 alkali metal compounds
550–559 silicates
570–579
gluconates
580–599 others
600–699 (
Flavour enhancers
 620–629 glutamates and guanylates
630–639
inosinates
640–649 others
700–799 (
Antibiotics
 700–713
900–999 (full list)
Glazing agents, gases and sweeteners 		900–909 waxes
910–919 synthetic glazes
920–929
improving agents
930–949 packaging gases
950–969 sweeteners
990–999 foaming agents
1000–1599 (full list)
Additional additives 		1100–1599 New chemicals that do not fall into standard classification schemes

NB: Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range. Moreover, many chemicals, particularly in the E400–499 range, have a variety of purposes.

Full list

The list shows all components that have an E-number assigned, even those no longer allowed in the EU.

E100–E199 (colours)

Code Name(s) Colour Status
E100 Curcumin (from turmeric) Yellow-orange Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), formerly called lactoflavin Yellow-orange Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E101a
Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate
 Yellow-orange Approved in the EU.[8]
E102
 Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5) Yellow Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E103
 Alkannin[10] Red-brown
E104
 Quinoline Yellow WS Dull or greenish yellow Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11]
E105 Fast Yellow AB Yellow Forbidden in the EU and US.[12]
E106
Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate
 Yellow
E107 Yellow 2G Yellow
E110
Sunset Yellow FCF
(Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6) 		Yellow-orange Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11] Banned in Norway.[13] Products in the EU require warnings and its use is being phased out.[11] Approved in the US.[9]
E111 Orange GGN Orange
E120 Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmine (Natural Red 4) Crimson Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E121 Citrus Red 2 Orange to pink Approved in the United States only for use in colouring the skin of oranges.[14]
E122
Carmoisine
(azorubine) 		Red to maroon Approved in the EU.[8] Undergoing a voluntary phase-out in the UK. Currently banned in Canada, Japan, Norway, USA .[citation needed] EU currently evaluating health risks.[citation needed]
E123 Amaranth (FD&C Red 2) Red Approved in the EU.[8] Banned in the United States.[15]
E124
 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R) Pink Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11]
E125
Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN
 Red Only permitted for externally applied drugs and cosmetics in the US.[16][17][18]
E126 Ponceau 6R Red
E127 Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3) Red Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US except for lake variant.[9]
E128 Red 2G Red or pink Not approved in the EU.[11]
E129 Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40) Red Approved in the EU.[8] Banned in Switzerland.[citation needed] Undergoing a voluntary phase out in the UK. Approved in the US.[9]
E130
Indanthrene blue RS
 Blue
E131
 Patent Blue V Dark blue Approved in the EU.[8]
E132
 Indigo carmine (indigotine, FD&C Blue 2) Indigo Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E133
 Brilliant blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1) Blue Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E140 Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins: (i) Chlorophylls (ii) Chlorophyllins Green Approved in the EU.[8]
E141 Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins (i) Copper complexes of chlorophylls (ii) Copper complexes of chlorophyllins Green Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E142
 Green S Green Approved in the EU.[8]
E143
 Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3) Green Approved in the US. Banned in the EU.
E150a
Plain caramel
 Brown Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E150b
Caustic sulfite caramel
 Brown Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E150c
Ammonia caramel
 Brown Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E150d
Sulfite ammonia caramel
 Brown Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E151
Black PN, Brilliant Black BN
 Black Approved in the EU.[8]
E152
 Carbon black (hydrocarbon) Black
E153
Vegetable carbon
 Black Approved in the EU.[8]
E154
 Brown FK (kipper brown) Brown Previously approved in the EU for dyeing kippers only: approval withdrawn November 2011.[11]
E155
 Brown HT (chocolate brown HT) Brown Approved in the EU.[8]
E160a
Gamma-carotene
 Yellow-orange to brown Approved in the EU.[8] Only beta-carotene is approved in the US [9]
E160b
norbixin
 Orange Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E160c
 Paprika oleoresin: (i) capsanthin, (ii) capsorubin Red Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E160d
 Lycopene Bright to deep red Restricted use approved in the EU.[8][11] Approved in the US.[9]
E160e
Beta-apo-8'-carotenal
(C 30) 		Orange-red to yellow Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E160f
Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid
(C 30) 		Orange-red to yellow Not approved in the EU.[11]
E161a
 Flavoxanthin Golden-yellow and brownish
E161b
 Lutein Orange-red to yellow Approved in the EU.[8]
E161c
Cryptoxanthin
 Orange-red
E161d
 Rubixanthin Orange-red
E161e
 Violaxanthin Orange
E161f
 Rhodoxanthin Purple
E161g
 Canthaxanthin Violet Not approved in the EU.[11] Approved in the US.[9]
E161h
 Zeaxanthin Orange-red
E161i
 Citranaxanthin Deep violet
E161j
 Astaxanthin Red
E162
Beetroot Red, Betanin
 Red Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US.[9]
E163
Anthocyanins
 pH dependent(Red, green and purple ranges) Approved in the EU.[8]
E164
 Saffron Orange-red[colour?] Approved in the US.[9]
E170 Calcium carbonate, Chalk White Approved in the EU.[8]
E171
 Titanium dioxide White No longer approved in the EU as of June 2022,[19] due to the identification of potential carcinogenic effects.[20] Approved in the US.[9]
E172
iron hydroxides
 Brown Approved in the EU.[8] Approved in the US for sausage casings.[9]
E173
 Aluminium Silver to grey Approved in the EU.[8]
E174
 Silver Silver Approved in the EU.[8]
E175
 Gold Gold Approved in the EU.[8]
E180
Pigment Rubine, Lithol Rubine BK
 Red Approved in the EU.[8]
E181 Tannin Brown
E182
Orchil
 Purple

E200–E299 (preservatives)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E200 Sorbic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E201 Sodium sorbate preservative
E202
 Potassium sorbate preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E203
 Calcium sorbate preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E209
Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate
 preservative
E210
 Benzoic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E211
 Sodium benzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E212
 Potassium benzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E213
 Calcium benzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E214
 Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E215
Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate
 preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E216
 Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative
E217
Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate
 preservative
E218
 Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E219
Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate
 preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E220 Sulfur dioxide preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E221
 Sodium sulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E222
 Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite) preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E223
 Sodium metabisulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E224
 Potassium metabisulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E225
 Potassium sulfite preservative
E226
 Calcium sulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E227
Calcium hydrogen sulfite (preservative
) 		firming agent Approved in the EU.[8]
E228
Potassium hydrogen sulfite
 preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E230
 Biphenyl, diphenyl preservative Not approved in the EU.
E231
Orthophenyl phenol
 preservative Not approved in the EU.
E232
 Sodium orthophenyl phenol preservative Not approved in the EU.
E233
Thiabendazole
 preservative Not approved in the EU.
E234 Nisin preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E235
 Natamycin, Pimaracin preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E236
 Formic acid preservative
E237
 Sodium formate preservative
E238
 Calcium formate preservative
E239
Hexamine
(hexamethylene tetramine) 		preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E240
 Formaldehyde preservative
E242
 Dimethyl dicarbonate preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E249
 Potassium nitrite preservative Approved in the EU.[8] In April 2023 the French Court of Appeals of Limoges confirmed that food-watch NGO Yuka was legally legitimate in describing Potassium Nitrate E249 to E252 as a "cancer risk", and thus rejected an appeal by the French charcuterie industry against the organisation.[21]
E250 Sodium nitrite preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E251
 Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpetre) preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E252
 Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre) preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E260 Acetic acid (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E261 Potassium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E262 Sodium acetates (i) Sodium acetate (ii) Sodium diacetate (sodium hydrogen acetate) preservative, acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E263 Calcium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E264 Ammonium acetate preservative Approved in Australia and New Zealand[23]
E265 Dehydroacetic acid preservative
E266
 Sodium dehydroacetate preservative
E270
 Lactic acid (preservative) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[22]
E280
 Propionic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E281
 Sodium propionate preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E282
Calcium propionate
 preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E283
Potassium propionate
 preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E284
 Boric acid preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E285
Sodium tetraborate (borax)
 preservative Approved in the EU.[8]
E290
 Carbon dioxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E296
 Malic acid (acid) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E297
 Fumaric acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]

E300–E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E300
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C
) 		antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E301
 Sodium ascorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E302
 Calcium ascorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E303
 Potassium ascorbate antioxidant
E304
ascorbic acid (Ascorbyl palmitate
) 		antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E305
 Ascorbyl stearate antioxidant
E306
 Tocopherols (Vitamin E, natural) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E307
Alpha-Tocopherol
(synthetic) 		antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E308
Gamma-Tocopherol
(synthetic) 		antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E309
Delta-Tocopherol
(synthetic) 		antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E310 Propyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E311 Octyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E312 Dodecyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E313 Ethyl gallate antioxidant
E314
Guaiac resin
 antioxidant
E315
 Erythorbic acid antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E316
 Sodium erythorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E317
Erythorbin acid[citation needed
] 		antioxidant
E318
 Sodium erythorbin[citation needed] antioxidant
E319
 tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E320 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E321
 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E322
 Lecithin
emulsifier
 Approved in the EU.[25]
E323
 Anoxomer antioxidant
E324
 Ethoxyquin antioxidant
E325
 Sodium lactate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E326
 Potassium lactate (antioxidant) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E327
 Calcium lactate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E328
 Ammonium lactate acidity regulator
E329
 Magnesium lactate acidity regulator
E330
 Citric acid
acid, acidity regulator
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E331 Sodium citrates (i) Monosodium citrate (ii) Disodium citrate (iii) Sodium citrate (trisodium citrate) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E332
Monopotassium citrate (ii) Potassium citrate
(tripotassium citrate) 		acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E333
citrates (i) Monocalcium citrate (ii) Dicalcium citrate (iii) Calcium citrate
(tricalcium citrate) 		acidity regulator, firming agent, sequestrant Approved in the EU.[22]
E334
 Tartaric acid (L(+)-) (
acid
) 		Approved in the EU.[22]
E335
Disodium tartrate
 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E336
Dipotassium tartrate
 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E337
Sodium potassium tartrate
 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E338
 Phosphoric acid
acid
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E339
 Sodium phosphates (i) Monosodium phosphate (ii) Disodium phosphate (iii) Trisodium phosphate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[22]
E340
 Potassium phosphates (i) Monopotassium phosphate (ii) Dipotassium phosphate (iii) Tripotassium phosphate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[22]
E341
 Calcium phosphates (i) Monocalcium phosphate (ii) Dicalcium phosphate (iii) Tricalcium phosphate
anti-caking agent, firming agent
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E342
monoammonium phosphate (ii) diammonium phosphate
E343
 Magnesium phosphates (i) monomagnesium phosphate (ii) Dimagnesium phosphate
anti-caking agent
 Approved in the EU.[22] This additive is under discussion and may be included in a future amendment to the Directive on miscellaneous additives.
E344
 Lecithin citrate acidity regulator Not approved in the UK[26]
E345
 Magnesium citrate acidity regulator
E349
 Ammonium malate acidity regulator
E350
malates (i) Sodium malate (ii) Sodium hydrogen malate
 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E351
 Potassium malate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E352
malates (i) Calcium malate (ii) Calcium hydrogen malate
 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E353 Metatartaric acid
emulsifier
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E354
 Calcium tartrate
emulsifier
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E355 Adipic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E356
 Sodium adipate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E357
 Potassium adipate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E359
 Ammonium adipate acidity regulator
E363
 Succinic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E365 Monosodium fumarate acidity regulator
E366
 Potassium fumarate acidity regulator
E367
 Calcium fumarate acidity regulator
E368
 Ammonium fumarate acidity regulator
E370 1,4-Heptonolactone acidity regulator
E375
Niacin
 acidity regulator
E380 Triammonium citrate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E381
 Ammonium ferric citrate acidity regulator
E383
 Calcium glycerylphosphate acidity regulator
E384 Isopropyl citrate acidity regulator
E385
Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate
, (Calcium disodium EDTA) 		sequestrant Approved in the EU.[22]
E386
Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate
(Disodium EDTA) 		sequestrant
E387 Oxystearin stabiliser
E388 Thiodipropionic acid
E389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate
E390 Distearyl thiodipropionate
E391
 Phytic acid
E392
 Carnosic acid Approved in 2010[27]
E399
Calcium lactobionate

E400–E499 (
emulsifiers
)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E400
gelling agent
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E401
gelling agent
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E402
gelling agent
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E403
 Ammonium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E404
gelling agent
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E405
Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene glycol alginate
) (thickener) (stabiliser) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E406
gelling agent
) 		stabiliser Approved in the EU.[25]
E407
gelling agent
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E407a
gelling agent
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E408 Bakers yeast glycan
E409
 Arabinogalactan
E410
gelling agent
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E411 Oat gum (thickener) stabiliser
E412 Guar gum (thickener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[25]
E413
 Tragacanth (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E414
Acacia gum (gum arabic
) (thickener) (stabiliser) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E415
 Xanthan gum (thickener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[25]
E416
Karaya gum
(thickener) (stabiliser) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E417
Tara gum
(thickener) 		stabiliser Approved in the EU.[25]
E418
 Gellan gum (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E419
Gum ghatti
(thickener) (stabiliser) 		emulsifier
E420
 Sorbitol (i) Sorbitol (ii) Sorbitol syrup (emulsifier) (sweetener) humectant Approved in the EU.[28]
E421
anti-caking agent
) 		sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E422
 Glycerol (emulsifier) sweetener Approved in the EU.[22]
E424
 Curdlan gelling agent
E425
Konjac glucomannane
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25] May not be used in confectionery owing to choking risk.[citation needed]
E426 Soybean hemicellulose Approved in the EU.[25]
E427
 Cassia gum Approved in 2010[27]
E428 Gelatin
E429
Peptones
E430 Polyoxyethene (8) stearate (emulsifier) stabiliser
E431
 Polyoxyethene (40) stearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[22]
E432
Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E433
Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E434
polysorbate 40
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E435
polysorbate 60
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E436
polysorbate 65
) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E440
 Pectins (i) pectin (ii) amidated pectin emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E441
Gelatine
(emulsifier)
gelling agent
E442
Ammonium phosphatides
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E443
 Brominated vegetable oil emulsifier
E444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate emulsifier
E445
Glycerol esters of wood rosins
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E446 Succistearin
E450
Dicalcium diphosphate (vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[22]
E451
Triphosphates (i) Sodium triphosphate (pentasodium triphosphate) (ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[22]
E452
Sodium polyphosphates (ii) Potassium polyphosphates (iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate (iv) Calcium polyphosphates (v) Ammonium polyphosphate
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[22]
E459
Beta-cyclodextrin
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[22]
E460
 Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii) Powdered cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E461
 Methyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E462
 Ethyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E463
 Hydroxypropyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E464 Hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E465
 Ethyl methyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E466
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E467
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
E468
Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
(Croscarmellose) 		emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25] This additive is under discussion and may be included in a future amendment to the Directive on miscellaneous additives
E469
 Enzymically
carboxymethylcellulose
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E470a Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier)
anti-caking agent
 Approved in the EU.[25]
E470b
 Magnesium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier)
anti-caking agent
 Approved in the EU.[25]
E471
 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E472a Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E472b Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E472c Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E472d Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E472e
 Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E472f Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E472g Succinylated monoglycerides emulsifier
E473
 Sucrose esters of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E474 Sucroglycerides emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E475
 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E476
 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E477
 Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E478 Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1 emulsifier
E479b
 Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E480
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
 emulsifier
E481
Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E482
 Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E483
Stearyl tartrate
 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E484 Stearyl citrate emulsifier
E485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate emulsifier
E486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate emulsifier
E487
 Sodium laurylsulfate emulsifier
E488 Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides emulsifier
E489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester emulsifier
E490
Propane-1,2-diol
E491
 Sorbitan monostearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E492
 Sorbitan tristearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E493
 Sorbitan monolaurate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E494
 Sorbitan monooleate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E495
 Sorbitan monopalmitate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[25]
E496 Sorbitan trioleate emulsifier
E497 Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polymers
E498 Partial polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil
E499
 Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols Approved in the EU.[25]

E500–E599 (
anti-caking agents
)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E500 Sodium carbonates: (i) Sodium carbonate (ii) Sodium bicarbonate (Sodium hydrogen carbonate) (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate (acidity regulator)
raising agent
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E501 Potassium carbonates: (i) Potassium carbonate (ii) Potassium bicarbonate (Potassium hydrogen carbonate) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E503
 Ammonium carbonates: (i) Ammonium carbonate (ii) Ammonium bicarbonate (Ammonium hydrogen carbonate) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E504
 Magnesium carbonates: (i) Magnesium carbonate (ii) Magnesium bicarbonate Magnesium hydrogen carbonate acidity regulator,
anti-caking agent
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E505
Ferrous carbonate
 acidity regulator
E507
 Hydrochloric acid acid Approved in the EU.[22]
E508
gelling agent
) 		seasoning Approved in the EU.[22]
E509
 Calcium chloride (sequestrant) firming agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E510 Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution (acidity regulator)
improving agent
E511
 Magnesium chloride firming agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E512
 Stannous chloride antioxidant Approved in the EU.[22]
E513
 Sulfuric acid acid Approved in the EU.[22]
E514
sulfates (i) Sodium sulfate (ii) sodium bisulfate
 acid Approved in the EU.[22]
E515
sulfates (i) potassium sulfate (ii) potassium bisulfate
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E516
 Calcium sulfate Approved in the EU.[22]
E517
 Ammonium sulfate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E518
 Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), (acidity regulator) firming agent
E519
 Copper(II) sulfate preservative
E520
 Aluminium sulfate firming agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E521
Aluminium sodium sulfate
 firming agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E522
Aluminium potassium sulfate
 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E523
Aluminium ammonium sulfate
 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E524
 Sodium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E525
 Potassium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E526
 Calcium hydroxide (acidity regulator) firming agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E527
Ammonium hydroxide
 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E528
 Magnesium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E529
 Calcium oxide (acidity regulator)
improving agent
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E530
 Magnesium oxide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E535
 Sodium ferrocyanide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E536
 Potassium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate anti-caking agent
E538
 Calcium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E539
 Sodium thiosulfate antioxidant
E540
Dicalcium diphosphate[citation needed] (acidity regulator
)
emulsifier
E541
 Sodium aluminium phosphate (i) Acidic (ii) Basic
emulsifier
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E542 Bone phosphate (Essentiale Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic) anti-caking agent
E543 Calcium sodium polyphosphate
emulsifier
E544 Calcium polyphosphate
emulsifier
E545
 Ammonium polyphosphate
emulsifier
E550
Silicates (i) Sodium silicate (ii) Sodium metasilicate
 anti-caking agent
E551
 Silicon dioxide (Silica) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E552
 Calcium silicate anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E553a
 (i)
Magnesium silicate (ii) Magnesium trisilicate
 anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E553b
 Talc anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E554
 Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) anti-caking agent removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E555
Potassium aluminium silicate
(potassium aluminosilicate) 		anti-caking agent removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E556
 Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) anti-caking agent removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E557
 Zinc silicate anti-caking agent removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E558
 Bentonite anti-caking agent removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E559
 Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) anti-caking agent removed from list per Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3 May 2012
E560
 Potassium silicate anti-caking agent
E561
 Vermiculite
E562 Sepiolite
E563 Sepiolitic clay
E565
Lignosulfonates
E566 Natrolite-phonolite
E570
 Fatty acids anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E572
emulsifier
) 		anti-caking agent
E574
 Gluconic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[22]
E575
 Glucono delta-lactone (acidity regulator) sequestrant Approved in the EU.[22]
E576 Sodium gluconate sequestrant Approved in the EU.[22]
E577
 Potassium gluconate sequestrant Approved in the EU.[22]
E578
 Calcium gluconate firming agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E579
Ferrous gluconate
 food colouring Approved in the EU.[22]
E580
 Magnesium gluconate
E585
Ferrous lactate
 food colouring Approved in the EU.[22]
E586
 4-Hexylresorcinol antioxidant Approved in the EU.[24]
E598
 Synthetic calcium aluminates
E599
 Perlite

E600–E699 (
flavour enhancer
)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E620
 Glutamic acid flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E621 Monosodium glutamate (MSG) flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E622
 Monopotassium glutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E623
 Calcium diglutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E624
 Monoammonium glutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E625
 Magnesium diglutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E626
Guanylic acid
 flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E627
 Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E628
 Dipotassium guanylate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E629
 Calcium guanylate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E630
 Inosinic acid flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E631
 Disodium inosinate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E632
Dipotassium inosinate
 flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E633 Calcium inosinate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E634
 Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E635
Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides
 flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E636 Maltol flavour enhancer
E637 Ethyl maltol flavour enhancer
E640
 Glycine and its sodium salt flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]
E650
 Zinc acetate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[22]

E700–E799 (antibiotics)

[29]

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E701
Tetracyclines
 antibiotic
E702
 Chlortetracycline antibiotic
E703
 Oxytetracycline antibiotic
E704
 Oleandomycin antibiotic
E705
Penicillin G potassium
 antibiotic
E706
Penicillin G sodium
 antibiotic
E707
Penicillin G procaine
 antibiotic
E708 Penicillin G benzathine antibiotic
E710
 Spiramycins antibiotic
E711 Virginiamycins antibiotic
E712
Flavomycin
 antibiotic
E713
 Tylosin antibiotic
E714
Monensin A
 antibiotic
E715
 Avoparcin antibiotic
E716
 Salinomycin antibiotic
E717 Avilamycin antibiotic

E900–E999 (glazing agents, gases and sweeteners)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E900
anti-foaming agent
)
anti-caking agent
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E901
 Beeswax, white and yellow glazing agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E902
 Candelilla wax glazing agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E903
 Carnauba wax glazing agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E904
 Shellac glazing agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E905
 Paraffins Approved in the EU.[22]
E905a
 Mineral oil
anti-foaming agent
E905b
Petrolatum
E905c
Petroleum wax (i)Microcrystalline wax (ii) Paraffin wax
 glazing agent
E906
Gum benzoic
flavour enhancer
E907
Crystalline wax
 glazing agent
E908
 Rice bran wax glazing agent
E909
 Spermaceti wax glazing agent
E910
 Wax esters glazing agent
E911 Methyl esters of fatty acids glazing agent
E912
Montan acid esters
 glazing agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E913
 Lanolin, sheep wool grease glazing agent
E914
 Oxidized polyethylene wax, oxidized polyethylene glazing agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E915
 Esters of
colophony
 glazing agent
E916
 Calcium iodate
E917
 Potassium iodate
E918
 Nitrogen oxides
E919
 Nitrosyl chloride
E920
L-cysteine
improving agent
 Approved in the EU[30]
E921
 L-cystine
improving agent
E922
 Potassium persulfate
improving agent
E923
 Ammonium persulfate
improving agent
E924
 Potassium bromate
improving agent
 Banned in the EU;[31] genotoxic carcinogen[32]
E924b
 Calcium bromate
improving agent
E925
 Chlorine
improving agent
E926
 Chlorine dioxide (preservative) bleach
E927a
 Azodicarbonamide
improving agent
 identified as a Substance of Very High Concern in EU.[33]
E927b
Carbamide
(urea)
improving agent
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E928
improving agent
) 		bleach
E929
 Acetone peroxide
E930
improving agent
) 		bleach
E938
 Argon packaging gas Approved in the EU.[22]
E939
 Helium packaging gas Approved in the EU.[22]
E940
 Dichlorodifluoromethane packaging gas Banned in all countries, in compliance with the Montreal Protocol.
E941
 Nitrogen (packaging gas)
propellant
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E942
 Nitrous oxide
propellant
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E943a
 Butane
propellant
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E943b
 Isobutane
propellant
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E944
 Propane
propellant
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E945
 Chloropentafluoroethane
propellant
E946
 Octafluorocyclobutane
propellant
E948
 Oxygen packaging gas Approved in the EU.[22]
E949
 Hydrogen packaging gas Approved in the EU.[22]
E950 Acesulfame potassium sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E951
 Aspartame sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E952
 Cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium salts, also known as Cyclamate sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E953
 Isomalt, Isomaltitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E954
 Saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E955
 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E956
 Alitame sweetener
E957
 Thaumatin (sweetener)
flavour enhancer
 Approved in the EU.[28]
E958
 Glycyrrhizin (sweetener)
flavour enhancer
E959
Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone
(sweetener)
flavour enhancer
 Approved in the EU.[28]
E960
 Steviol glycosides sweetener Approved in the EU.[34]
E961
 Neotame sweetener Approved in 2010[27]
E962
 Aspartame-acesulfame salt (sweetener)
stabiliser
 Approved in the EU.[28]
E964
 Polyglycitol syrup sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E965
stabiliser
) 		humectant Approved in the EU.[28]
E966
 Lactitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E967
 Xylitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E968
 Erythritol sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E969
 Advantame sweetener Approved in the EU.[28]
E999
 Quillaia extract foaming agent Approved in the EU.[22]

E1000–E1599 (additional additives)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E1000 Cholic acid
emulsifier
E1001
 Choline salts
emulsifier
E1100
 Amylase
flavour enhancer
E1101
Ficin
)
flavour enhancer
E1102
 Glucose oxidase antioxidant
E1103
 Invertase
stabiliser
 Approved in the EU.[25]
E1104
Lipases
E1105
 Lysozyme preservative
E1200
 Polydextrose
stabiliser, thickening agent, humectant, carrier
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E1201
 Polyvinylpyrrolidone
stabiliser
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E1202
 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (carrier)
stabiliser
 Approved in the EU.[22]
E1203
 Polyvinyl alcohol Approved in 2010[27]
E1204
 Pullulan Approved in the EU.[22]
E1400
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent
E1401
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent
E1402
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent
E1403
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent
E1404
emulsifier
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1405 Enzyme treated starch
E1410
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1411 Distarch glycerol (thickening agent)
emulsifier
E1412
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1413
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1414
emulsifier
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1420
 Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride (
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1421 Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate (
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent
E1422
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol thickening agent
E1430
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent
E1440
emulsifier
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1441
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent
E1442
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1443 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol
E1450
stabiliser
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1451
emulsifier
) 		thickening agent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Approved in the EU.[22]
E1501 Benzylated hydrocarbons
E1502
Butane-1, 3-diol
E1503
 Castor oil
resolving agent
E1504
 Ethyl acetate flavour solvent
E1505
 Triethyl citrate foam stabiliser Approved in the EU.[22]
E1510
 Ethanol
E1516 Glyceryl monoacetate flavour solvent
E1517
diacetin
 flavour solvent
E1518
Glyceryl triacetate or triacetin
 humectant and flavour solvent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1519
 Benzyl alcohol
E1520
 Propylene glycol humectant and flavour solvent Approved in the EU.[22]
E1521
 Polyethylene glycol 8000[35] Approved in 2010[27]
E1525
 Hydroxyethyl cellulose thickening agent

See also

References

  1. ^ "Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives". EUR-Lex: Access to European Union law. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  2. ^ Matthew Snelson. "Explainer: what are E numbers and should you avoid them in your diet?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  3. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions | Why Food Additives". Food Additives and Ingredients Association UK & Ireland- Making life taste better. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
  4. ^ David Jukes. "Food Additives in the European Union". Foodlaw-Reading | The University of Reading, UK. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019.
  5. ^ Codex Alimentarius. "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives (Ref: CAC/GL #36 publ. 1989, revised 2009, amended 2011)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  6. ^ Food Standards Australia New Zealand Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, website
  7. ^ "Centre for Food Safety". www.cfs.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". United Kingdom: Food Standards Agency. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  9. ^
    United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived
    from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  10. ^ Additives Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Regulations: COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1129/2011". European Commission. 11 November 2011.
  12. ^ "Fast Yellow AB", Wikipedia, 12 December 2022, retrieved 2 September 2023
  13. ^ "Food additives". CBC News. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013.
  14. ^ 21 CFR 74.302
  15. ^ "Death of a Dye". Time. 2 February 1976. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  16. ^ 21 CFR 81.10
  17. ^ 21 CFR 81.30
  18. ^ 21 CFR 82.304
  19. ^ "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/63 of 14 January 2022 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171)". European Commission. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  20. ^ Daniel Boffey (6 May 2021). "E171: EU watchdog says food colouring widely used in UK is unsafe; European Commission to propose ban after finding that carcinogenic effects cannot be ruled out". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  21. ^ Rabino, Thomas (13 April 2023). "Nitrites et jambons "cancérogènes": nouvelle victoire en appel de Yuka contre un industriel de la charcuterie" [Nitrites and "carcinogenic" hams: Yuka's new appeal victory against a charcuterie manufacturer]. Marianne.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Food Standards Agency. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  23. ^ Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code "Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients". 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
  26. ^ "Approved additives and E numbers". Food Standards Agency.
  27. ^ a b c d e New additives approved for use Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Agency, Friday 26 November 2010
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Food Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
  29. ^ "E700-E799 (antibiotics)". Sigma-Aldrich. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  30. ^ "E920 (L-cysteine) approval in the EU". Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  31. ^ Teresa Hüttenhofer; Gustavo Ferro (23 December 2020). "Which trends offer opportunities or pose a threat to the European market for natural food additives?". Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  32. PMID 2269236
    .
  33. ^ "Parliamentary question | Answer to Question No E-008728/14 | E-008728/2014(ASW) | European Parliament".
  34. ^ "Stevia EU approval". Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  35. New Zealand Food Safety Authority. "Identifying Food Additives" (PDF). Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E_number&oldid=1218496798"