Taishang Huang

In Chinese history, a Taishang Huang or Taishang Huangdi is an honorific and institution of a retired emperor.^[2] The former emperor had, at least in name, abdicated in favor of someone else. Although no longer the reigning sovereign, there are instances where the retired emperor became a power behind the throne, often exerting more power than the reigning emperor.

History

Origin

The title Taishang Huangdi was first used when

In 301, during the War of the Eight Princes, Sima Lun became the emperor by forcing his puppet Emperor Hui of Jin to become the Taishang Huang.^[3] The title had strictly served as an honorific before, but it had become a tool of political infighting over the course of this incident.^[1]

Another significant occurrence of development was in 399, when Lü Guang of Later Liang abdicated.^[4] Lü Guang was old and had become mortally ill, but he wished to secure the transition of imperial power to his designated heir (the eldest son from his main consort) in the presence of another son who was older and posed a threat to the legitimate succession.^[4] Even though Lü Guang failed in his efforts, this incident was the earliest example where imperial retirement served as a method to secure succession.^[4]

During the Northern and Southern dynasties, this institution was employed by non-Han regimes in the north as a strategy to cast away from the tradition of the horizontal succession in favor of the Han tradition of a male primogenitor pattern of succession.^[5] In contrast, due to their Han heritage, the southern regimes had no need to make use and never employed the institution as a means to stabilize successions.^[5]

In 617,

• King Zhuangxiang of Qin (281–247 BC). He was posthumously honored by his son, Qin Shi Huang.
• Liu Taigong (282–197 BC), the father of Emperor Gao (Liu Bang), the founder of the Han dynasty.
• Jin dynasty

Northern and Southern dynasties

• Lü Guang (337–400, r. 386–400) of Later Liang, abdicated shortly before death
• Emperor Xianwen (454–476, r. 465–471) of Northern Wei
• Emperor Wucheng (537–569, r. 561–565) of Northern Qi
• Gao Wei (557–577, r. 565–577) of Northern Qi
• Emperor Xuan (559–580, r. 578–579) of Northern Zhou

Sui and Tang dynasty rulers

• Emperor Yang (569–618, r. 604–618) of the Sui dynasty, who was proclaimed Taishang Huang while his grandson, Yang You, was nominally the emperor. He never personally accepted the title. He was the only Taishang Huang who was the grandfather – not the father – of the reigning emperor.
• Emperor Gaozu (566–635, r. 618–626)^[7] who was forced to abdicate in 626 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 635.
• Wu Zetian (690–705). The only person in Chinese history to have been both Empress Dowager and Taishang Huang. She was buried in accordance to her wishes as an Empress Dowager and Empress Consort to Emperor Gaozong.
• Emperor Ruizong (684–690, 710–712), who abdicated in 712 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 716.
• Emperor Xuanzong (712–756), who was forced to abdicate in 756 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 762.
• Emperor Shunzong (761–806, r. 805), who abdicated in 805 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 806, said to be assassinated by eunuchs.
• Emperor Zhaozong (888–904), who abdicated in 900 and was made Taishang Huang until his restoration in 901.

Yan ruler

• An Lushan, who was assassinated in 757 by his son and successor An Qingxu, who claimed him to be severely ill and willing to abdicate, honored him Taishang Huang as if he was actually living.

Min ruler

• One Master Zhuo, who was honored Taishang Huang by his son Zhuo Yanming, who proclaimed himself emperor in April 945. In July, both Zhuos were killed.

Song dynasty rulers

• Emperor Huizong (1100–1126), who abdicated in 1126 and was taken into the Jin Dynasty in 1127, died in 1135.
• Emperor Gaozong (1127–1162), who abdicated in 1162 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1187.
• Emperor Xiaozong (1162–1189), who abdicated in 1189 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1194.
• Emperor Guangzong (1189–1194), who was forced to abdicate in 1194 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1200.

Western Xia and Western Liao rulers

• Western Liao, who was made Taishang Huang by his son-in-law Kuchlug
  after being overthrown by the latter
• Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia

Later rulers

• Emperor Yingzong of Ming (1435–1449, 1457–1464) of the Ming dynasty was a Taishang Huang from his capture by the Mongols in 1449 until his return to the throne in 1457. He was the only Taishang Huang who was a brother of the reigning emperor.
• The Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) of the Qing dynasty, who nominally abdicated and made himself Taishang Huang in 1796 but held on to power until his death in 1799.

Vietnam

• Trần Thái Tổ of the Trần dynasty
• Mạc Đăng Dung of the Mạc dynasty

See also

• Abdication
• Retired Emperor
• Daijō Tennō, the adaption of this concept in Japan
• Taesangwang, the adaption of this concept in Korea

References