The Castle of Cagliostro
Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro | |
---|---|
Kanji | ルパン三世 カリオストロの城 |
Romanization | Rupan Sansei: Kariosutoro no Shiro |
Directed by | Hayao Miyazaki |
Screenplay by |
|
Based on | Lupin III by Monkey Punch |
Produced by | Tetsuo Katayama |
Starring | |
Cinematography | Hirokata Takahashi |
Edited by | Mitsutoshi Tsurubuchi |
Music by | Tokyo Movie Shinsha |
Distributed by | Toho |
Release date |
|
Running time | 100 minutes[1] |
Country | Japan |
Language | Japanese |
Budget | ¥500 million (US$2.3 million) |
Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro (
The Castle of Cagliostro follows gentleman thief Lupin III, who successfully robs a casino—only to find the money to be counterfeit. He heads to the tiny country of Cagliostro, the rumoured source of the bills, and attempts to save the runaway Princess Clarisse from the Count Cagliostro's men; the Count plans to marry Clarisse in order to cement his power and recover the fabled ancient treasure of Cagliostro, requiring Clarisse's ancestral ring. Lupin enlists his associates, Jigen and Goemon, and sends his calling card to the Count to get Inspector Zenigata, his longtime nemesis, to the castle. After becoming trapped in the dungeon under the castle, Lupin and Zenigata form a pact to escape and foil the Count's counterfeit operation and save Clarisse from her forced marriage to the Count.
The original theatrical release in Japan occurred on 15 December 1979, distributed by
Despite initially underperforming at the box office, The Castle of Cagliostro has garnered high praise, with critics and historians noting the film's influence on
Plot
In 1968, master thief
Shortly after arriving, the two are passed by a young woman being chased by a group of armed thugs. They rescue the young woman, but in the ensuing mayhem Lupin is knocked unconscious and the woman gets captured, but she leaves him a signet ring. After seeing the ring, Lupin recognizes the woman as Clarisse, the princess of Cagliostro, who will soon be married to Count Cagliostro, the country's regent. The Count's arranged marriage will cement his power and recover the fabled ancient treasure of Cagliostro, for which he needs both his and Clarisse's ancestral rings.
The next night, a squad of assassins attack Lupin and Jigen at their inn, but they escape. Lupin leaves his calling card on the back of Jodot, the Count's butler and chief assassin, announcing he is going to steal Clarisse. Lupin summons
Lupin encounters Zenigata, and they form a pact to help each other escape. After overpowering the assassins, they escape into a room full of printing presses, the source of the counterfeits which Cagliostro has used throughout history to form a global shadow empire. Zenigata wants to collect evidence, but Lupin points out they must escape the castle first. They start a fire as a distraction and steal the Count's autogyro, but as they attempt to rescue Clarisse, Lupin is seriously wounded. Clarisse offers the ring to the Count in exchange for Lupin's life, but after securing the ring, the Count's attempt at betrayal is foiled when Fujiko's actions allow her, Lupin, and Zenigata to flee. As Lupin recovers from his injuries, Zenigata tries convincing his superiors at Interpol to prosecute the Count for counterfeiting, but fearing political repercussions, they halt the investigation and remove him from the case. Lupin intends to stop the wedding and rescue the princess, revealing to his companions that ten years earlier she had saved his life during his unsuccessful first attempt to find the treasure of Cagliostro. Fujiko tips off Lupin regarding how to sneak into the castle, and forms a plan with Zenigata to publicly reveal the counterfeiting operation under the cover of pursuing Lupin.
The wedding with a
Voice cast
Production
Castle of Cagliostro marked Miyazaki's debut as a theatrical movie director, but he also was a writer, a designer, and a storyboardist on the movie.[5] The production for the film began in May 1979 with the writing of the story and storyboarding for the film.[6] Miyazaki began by drawing a bird's eye view of the setting before creating the story to completion. After the first draft scenario was returned to Miyazaki without change, he began the storyboards. The story was divided into four parts, but after reaching the third part changes had to be made at the storyboard phase in order to not exceed the decided running time.[7] Animation work began in July while the storyboards were only a quarter complete; Miyazaki had to complete them during the animation production. Production wrapped up at the end of November and the film's premiere on 15 December 1979 was a short seven and a half months from the project's undertaking, with only five months of production time.[6]
The film draws upon many sources of inspiration that were important in the production of the film. McCarthy writes that a research trip was not specifically undertaken for the film, but says Miyazaki's Heidi, Girl of the Alps sketchbooks were useful for the scenery.[6] Miyazaki would cite Italian Mountain Cities and the Tiber Estuary from Kagoshima Publishing as influencing the production of the film.[6] The film included elements that were seen in other Arsène Lupin works, including La Justice d'Arsène Lupin by Boileau-Narcejac, involving the discovery of a tremendous stash of forged franc notes with which World War I–era Germany had planned to destabilize the French economy.[8] Maurice Leblanc's The Green-eyed Lady also featured a secret treasure hidden at the bottom of a lake.[9] The design of mechanisms with secret tunnels in the clock tower, and the adventure plotted around beauty is inspired from Ghost Tower by Edogawa Ranpo.[10] The castle is visually influenced by that of the original 1952 unfinished release of The King and the Mockingbird.[11] Greenberg writes, "Cagliostro also borrowed many narrative and visual elements from Grimault's film: the basic plotline of disrupting the wedding of an evil tyrant and a beautiful innocent girl, the tyrant's luxuriously-decorated palace that is also full of traps, and a gang of henchmen serving the tyrant – both oversized goons and ninja-like assassins..."[12] The staff added personal touches to the film, the most iconic being Lupin's car, the Fiat 500, was the car of head animator Yasuo Ōtsuka.[9] Clarisse's car in the chase scene is a Citroën 2CV, which was Miyazaki's first car.[9]
McCarthy describes the summery color palette of the film as matching the scenery and the characters, but notes the use of dark and light colours to emphasize the subplot of the dark and light sides of the Cagliostros.[6] The film's score was composed by series regular Yuji Ohno, and varies between jazz, romance and orchestral music. Notably, it includes a variation of Lupin III's iconic TV theme.[6] The music was performed by You & The Explosion Band, who had previously worked on the second television series. The main vocal song "Fire Treasure" was performed by Bobby (aka Toshie Kihara) and saw release as an LP single.[13] The first release of the soundtrack was Lupin the 3rd The Castle of Cagliostro Original Soundtrack BGM Collection, an album containing extended versions of select cues from the film. It was originally sold on vinyl and cassette tape in 1983, but later saw release on CD in 1985 with several additional prints runs.[14] In 2003, the entire score was finally released on a newly commissioned album entitled Lupin the 3rd: The Castle of Cagliostro – Music File and also contained 13 unused cues.[15]
Castle of Cagliostro's portrayal of the characters was changed to better identify with Miyazaki's concept of a "hero" and to remove a sense of apathy in the story.
Fred Patten, who worked at Streamline Pictures was involved in the English adaptation of the film and was involved in the choice of title for the English release,
The Japanese title is Lupin III: Cagliostro no Shiro, which is literally Lupin III: Cagliostro of Castle [sic].[b] So which would be better in English; Cagliostro Castle, Cagliostro's Castle, or The Castle of Cagliostro? It was my argument that The Castle of Cagliostro sounded the most sinister. Cagliostro Castle is just a castle's name, like Windsor Castle, but the Castle of Cagliostro emphasizes that it is the evil Count's lair![16]
The film had a production budget of ¥500 million or $2,282,000 (equivalent to $10,000,000 in 2023) at the time,
Release
The film's Japanese theatrical release was on 15 December 1979.[6]
Box office
In Japan, the film grossed ¥610 million, equivalent to $2,784,000 (equivalent to $12,000,000 in 2023), in 1979.[2][19] The MX4D release in 2017 grossed a further ¥76 million ($678,000) in Japan.[20] The film's overseas screenings in 2007 and 2017 grossed $152,775 in Italy and South Korea,[21] and $142,425 in the United States,[22] adding up to at least $3,753,200 grossed in Asia, Italy and the United States.
In terms of box office admissions, the film sold 900,000 tickets in Japan as of 2006[update],[23] 109,072 tickets in France and Italy,[24] 58,000 tickets in the United States,[25] and 1,729 tickets in South Korea,[26] adding up to at least 1,068,801 tickets sold worldwide.
English releases
In 1980, Tokyo Movie Shinsha began screen testing the film in North America and it was notably shown at the
The American theatrical debut was on 3 April 1991 in New York City by Carl Macek's Streamline Pictures, with the home release following in October 1992.[6] Due to copyright issues with the estate of Maurice Leblanc, the creator of the original Arsène Lupin, Lupin is referred to as "Wolf". Inspector Koichi Zenigata is erroneously named "Keibu Zenigata," likely due to a translation error (keibu being the Japanese title for a police inspector). The UK release followed on 10 June 1996 by Manga Video.[29] Optimum Releasing re-released Cagliostro in the UK after Manga Entertainment lost its licence in the UK.[30] The new DVD features an anamorphic widescreen print with the original Japanese audio track as well as the Streamline dub, both in stereo.[30][31]
On 25 April 2000, Manga released the film on home video in the United States with a newly commissioned dub that adhered closer to the original script with the correct names restored. The DVD preserves the film in its original aspect ratio of 1.85:1 widescreen and is non-anamorphic. It additionally features remastered audio and picture, but contains no extras. The same company later released a new special edition DVD of Cagliostro on 29 August 2006.[32][33] The disc is double-sided with the film on side A and the extras on side B. It includes a new digital transfer; Manga's English dub in 2.0 and 5.1 surround plus Japanese, Spanish, and French language tracks in mono; the complete film in storyboard format, accompanied by Japanese audio with English subtitles; an original Japanese trailer; a sketch and still gallery; a 26-minute interview with animation director Yasuo Ōtsuka, and animated menus.[32] The film is presented in 16:9 anamorphic widescreen; however, the opening credits have been heavily re-edited to remove the Japanese credits, instead using selected still-frames of scenes that appear without Japanese writing. The English-translated names are superimposed over these stills. This change was negatively received by fans of the film.[33] Both DVD releases are out-of-print, with Manga no longer owning the U.S. film rights.[34]
In December 2008, the film was released on
North American anime distributor
Reception
While the film was not initially a box-office success, it developed a cult following[46][47] through numerous re-releases and was even voted as "the best anime in history" by the readers of Animage in November 2001.[48][49] Following a July 1992 release by Streamline Pictures,[50] Janet Maslin said she thought the film "should fare nearly as well [as Akira] with animation fans of any age, provided they are unwavering in their devotion to the form and do not think 100 minutes is an awfully long time." According to Maslin, the film is an "interestingly wild hybrid of visual styles and cultural references" whose "animation is weak when it comes to fluid body movements, but outstanding in its attention to detail."[50] According to Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle, "C of C refrains from the Technicolor ultra-violence that helped make films like Golgo 13, Akira, and Vampire Hunter D such audience favorites, and instead focuses on broad, almost slapstick humor and chaos to keep viewers riveted. Sometimes it works, and unfortunately, sometimes it doesn't."[51]
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 95% of 22 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[52] According to Metacritic, which compiled 6 reviews and calculated an average rating of 72 out of 100, the film received "generally favorable reviews".[53] Some fans maintain that it is not a "true" Lupin title, due to Miyazaki's altering of the titular character into a bumbling hero, rather than his original ruthless criminal self.[54] Monkey Punch, creator of Lupin III, called Castle of Cagliostro an "excellent" film, but agreed Miyazaki's vision of Lupin differs from his own.
In
The film was the best selling anime DVD in May 2001, and the third best selling in June.
Legacy
The Castle of Cagliostro has been watched and appreciated by various people in the film industry, including Steven Spielberg.[66][67] Several critics have noted similarities between The Castle of Cagliostro and the Indiana Jones films by Spielberg and George Lucas, particularly the first Indiana Jones film Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981).[68][69][66] These similarities include a rollicking adventure, humorous tone,[66] similar overall action style,[69] treasure hunting plot, a clever protagonist (Lupin and Indiana Jones) thrown into very difficult situations, overcoming obstacles with his wits, the use of gadgets, the help of several competent sidekicks, and a high-speed car chase down winding mountain roads.[68] This has led to rumours, though unconfirmed, that the film may have influenced the Indiana Jones series of films due to these similarities.[68] However, both the script and most of the filming for Raiders of the Lost Ark was completed by early 1981,[70] years before The Castle of Cagliostro first became available in English.
In 1983,
The character of Clarisse has been cited as a potential ancestral example of moe character design.[72]
Cagliostro deeply influenced Pixar co-founder John Lasseter,[65] along with Miyazaki's later films;[67] in October 2014, Lasseter delivered a keynote address to the Tokyo International Film Festival describing how Miyazaki's influence upon his own life and work began when he first saw a clip from Cagliostro.[73]
Walt Disney Animation Studios' 1986 film The Great Mouse Detective, co-directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, paid homage to Cagliostro with the film's climactic Big Ben sequence.[11] The two-minute climax scene used computer-generated imagery (CGI), making it the first Disney film to extensively use computer animation, a fact that Disney used to promote the film during marketing. In turn, The Great Mouse Detective paved the way for the Disney Renaissance.[74][75]
Another reference to the clock-tower fight is in "The Clock King" episode of Batman: The Animated Series.[11] In the original video animation (OVA) Here Is Greenwood, students set a play where the scene of Lupin saving Clarisse on the clock tower is re-enacted.
Gary Trousdale, co-director of Disney's Atlantis: The Lost Empire, said that a scene at the end of Atlantis, where the waters recede from the sunken city, was directly inspired from the ending in Cagliostro.[76] One of the sequence directors of The Simpsons Movie also mentioned Cagliostro as an influence; a brief shot where Bart Simpson rolls down the roof of the family house was inspired by Lupin running down the castle roof during his rescue attempt.[77]
The 2019 film Lupin III: The First was inspired by The Castle of Cagliostro. The director Takashi Yamazaki found the tone in The Castle of Cagliostro as the best portrayal for the 3D film.[78][79] Yamazaki was profoundly moved by The Castle of Cagliostro ever since he saw the film on TV in the 1980s. The experience entrenched in himself the idea that Japan can make high-quality films. The moment influenced the direction for the current film.[80] Therefore, the movie is constructed around the model of Cagliostro with many homages added. The ending's emotional climax is similar to the climax in Cagliostro.[81]
See also
Notes
- ^ In the Japanese dialogue, the counterfeit bills are called "Gōto-satsu" (ゴート札), which is written as "Ghoto bills" in the heavily-simplified TMS subtitled version. The Streamline dub, which used TMS' subtitles as its primary translation source, explains that "Ghoto" was the name of the person responsible for the creation of Cagliostro's counterfeiting ring. The Animaze/Manga dub interprets "Gōto" as a transliteration of goat – the Japanese word for which is "yagi" (ヤギ) – in part due to the abundant goat and ram-related imagery present in the film, and thus refers to the counterfeits as "Goat bills". However, in the Japanese version, Lupin describes the writing on Clarisse's ring as being "Gōto-moji" (ゴート文字), or Gothic characters, which implies that the houses of Cagliostro are descended from the ancient Goths. The Animaze/Manga dub describes the writing as "Capran", furthering the film's symbolic use of goats. When preparing the English subtitles for Discotek Media's DVD and Blu-ray, translators Shoko Oono and Reed Nelson chose to name the counterfeits "Gothic bills" instead of "Goat bills".[2][3]
- ^ Cagliostro no Shiro actually translates to 'Castle of Cagliostro'.
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External links
- The Castle of Cagliostro at IMDb
- The Castle of Cagliostro at Rotten Tomatoes
- The Castle of Cagliostro (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
- The Castle Of Cagliostro at the Lupin the Third Encyclopedia