Timur Shah Durrani
Timur Shah Durrani تیمور شاہ درانی | |||||
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Died | 20 May 1793 (aged 46) Char Bagh, Durrani Empire (present-day Afghanistan) | ||||
Burial | 21 May 1793 Maqbara-i-Timur Shah, Kabul | ||||
Spouse | Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum Maryam Begum[4] Gauhar Shad Begum[5] Ayesha Durrani[6] | ||||
Issue | Zaman Shah Durrani Mahmud Shah Durrani Shah Shujah Durrani Ahmed Mirza Sultan Mirza Nurdah Mirza Malik Gawhwar Akbar Mirza Husein Mirza Hasan Mirza Abbas Mirza Buland Mirza Shahrukh Mirza Shahpur Mirza Jahan Wala Humayun Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Faruk Mirza Khawar Mirza Ayub Mirza Miran Mirza Kohandil Mirza Nader Mirza | ||||
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Dynasty | Durrani | ||||
Father | Ahmad Shah Durrani | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Military career | |||||
Battles/wars |
Timur Shah Durrani (
Early life (1746–1772)
Timur Shah was born in December 1746,[2][1] in Mashhad.[8]
He received the city of
Reign (1772–1793)
Timur Shah had ascended to the throne of the Durrani Empire in November 1772[10] with Shah Humayun giving up his throne.[11][12]
Timur Shah went to Peshawar to spend the winter there.[13][14]
Timur Shah's campaign against the Sikhs (1776–1780)
Battle of Rohtas
A year before the death of
Upon the news of death of his agent, Timur Shah detached a force of 18,000 men that included Yusafzais, Durranis, Mughals and Qizalbashes under general Zangi Khan,[19] with orders to march by less known routes and fall upon the Sikhs unaware and Zangi Khan gave strict orders to his army to keep the movement secret. Zangi Khan halted 25 km from the Sikh camps with orders to imprison anyone who goes in the direction of the Sikh camp to make the Sikhs aware of their presence. Timur Shah positioned himself in the centre, at the head of 5,000 Yusafzai men.[20] Little before daybreak, early morning, the Sikhs completely unaware of Afghan army's presence, were attacked, and though unorganized, the Sikhs gave tough resistance but were eventually overwhelmed. About 3000 Sikhs were killed, and 500 others drowned in river Jhelum in trying to cross it during the Sikh retreat, while 2000 escaped by successfully reaching the opposite bank of the river.[21]
Siege of Multan (1790)
Timur Shah also marched on Multan, besieging the city in January 1780.[22][23]
Kashmir Rebellion of Azad Khan (1783–1786)
Azad Khan was confirmed as successor and ruled Kashmir, beginning his rule from Srinagar in 1783, at the age of 18 years old.[24][25]
Protecting Shah Alam II (1788)
By 1788, Timur Shah Durrani, attempted again to ford the plains of Punjab to rescue his brother-in-law, the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. The emperor had been blinded by the Rohilla leader Ghulam Qadir, who occupied and plundered Delhi for two and a half months in 1788. Timur Shah prepared an invasion and wrote letters to the English authorities, including Earl Cornwallis, and pleaded for a quick restoration of Shah Alam II to the throne, but was informed that he already had been restored as emperor by the Marathas. Therefore, he retreated back again. Timur Shah ascertained this information by sending an ambassador to the Mughal court and later requested that the British protect and obey the Mughal dynasty.[26][27]
March against Shah Murad, ruler of Bukhara (1788–1789)
Shah Murad demanded that Timur Shah's governor of Aqcha and Balkh be recalled. When Timur Shah failed to comply, Shah Murad crossed the Amu Darya in the summer of 1788.[28]
Nonetheless, Timur Shah, with his army marched north, at a slow pace to make sure Shah Murad would not be notified of this attack. Timur Shah with his armies arrived at
Death and legacy (1793)
After the death of Timur Shah,
- Humayun Mirza (would rebel after Timur Shah's death in Kandahar and would attempt to take the throne on 3 separate occasions)[31]
- Mahmud Shah (ruled Afghanistan 1801–1803 and 1809–1818, ruled from 1818 to 1829 in Herat)[32]
- Ahmed Mirza
- Zaman Shah (ruled Afghanistan 1793–1801)
- Sultan Mirza
- Nurdah Mirza
- Malik Gawhar
- Akbar Mirza
- Husein Mirza
- Hasan Mirza
- Abbas Mirza
- Buland Mirza
- Shahrukh Mirza
- Shahpur Mirza
- Jahan Wala
- Firuz al-Din Mirza (ruled Herat virtually independent from 1801 to 1818)[32]
- Ibrahim Mirza
- Faruk Mirza
- Shuja ul-Mulk (ruled Afghanistan 1803–1809), controlled Peshawar briefly in 1810, fled into Sikh and later British protection, made an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Kandahar in 1834, was installed as ruler of Afghanistan by the British from 7 August 1839 until his assassination on 5 April 1842)
- Khawar Mirza
- Ayub Mirza
- Miran Mirza
- Kohandil Mirza
- Nader Mirza
References
Citations
- ^ a b Ram Gupta 1944, p. 231.
- ^ a b Drahm 2020, p. 700.
- ISBN 978-1-4088-8885-8.
- ISBN 978-9-004-23498-7.
- ISBN 978-9-231-03876-1.
- ^ Wdl
- ^ Timur Shah, Ruler of Afghanistan.
- ^ a b "Taimur Shah". December 19, 2000.
- ^ Christine Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 128.
- ^ Khan Malik, Ajmal (1993). UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN (Thesis). Vol. 01. UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN. p. 158. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
- ^ Muhammad Katib Hazarah 2012, p. 56-58.
- ^ Drahm 2020, p. 150.
- ^ Muhammad Katib Hazarah 2012, p. 59-61.
- ^ Drahm 2020, p. 146-7.
- ^ Drahm 2020, p. 148.
- ^ Khan Malik 1993, p. 158.
- ^ ISBN 9789693507560.
- ^ Muhammad Khan 1998, p. 157.
- ^ Muhammad Khan, Ashiq (1998). THE LAST PHASE OF MUSLIM RULE IN MULTAN (1752 - 1818) (Thesis). University of Multan, MULTAN. p. 157. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
- ISBN 9788121501651.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 240.
- ^ Muhammad Katib Hazarah 2012, p. 63-64.
- ^ Muhammad Khan 1998, p. 158-159.
- ^ Khan Malik 1993, p. 170-172, 174-176.
- ^ Muhammad Katib Hazarah 2012, p. 66-68.
- JSTOR 44138392.
- ISBN 9789383064410.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3.
- ^ Muhammad Katib Hazarah 2012, p. 65.
- ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
- ^ Drahmad_Abdelfattah. Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present.
- ^ a b Christine Noelle-Karimi (2014). The Pearl In Its Midst By Christine Noelle Karimi.
Sources
- Drahm, Abdel (2020). "Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present". AAF: 153. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- Muhammad Katib Hazarah, Fayz (December 19, 2012). The History Of Afghanistan Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj Al-tawārīkh. Translated by Mcchesney, R. D.; Khorrami, M. M. ISBN 9789004234987. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
- Ram Gupta, Hari (1944). Studies In Later Mughal History Of The Punjab 1707 To 1793. Punjab University, Chandigarh: AC. ISBN 9789693507560.