To the Person Sitting in Darkness

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"To the Person Sitting in Darkness" is an essay by American author

anti-imperialist views. It mentions the historical figures Emilio Aguinaldo, William McKinley, Joseph Chamberlain, William Scott Ament and others, and fueled the Twain–Ament indemnities controversy
.

Background

Further information: Twain–Ament indemnities controversy

Mark Twain was an outspoken critic of American involvement in the Philippines and China',[1] and "one of the mammoth figures in anti-imperialism, and certainly the foremost anti-imperialist literary figure", having become in January 1901 a vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League of New York.[2] James Smylie explains the controversy: "Twain went after the respected Congregationalist minister, Reverend William Scott Ament, director of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Ament joined other powers in seeking indemnities from the Chinese after the Boxer Rebellion against western exploitation in 1900. Twain, perhaps unfairly, was shocked that Ament would use such blood money for the "propagation of the Gospel" and to promote the "blessings of civilization" to brothers and sisters who "sit in darkness." He declared to missionaries: Come home and Christianize Christians in the states!"[3]

According to Twain biographer

Albert Bigelow Paine, "Twain, of course, was fiercely stirred. The missionary idea had seldom appealed to him, and coupled with this business of bloodshed, it was less attractive than usual. He printed the clippings in full, one following the other; then he said:

By happy luck we get all these glad tidings on Christmas Eve—just the time to enable us to celebrate the day with proper gaiety and enthusiasm. Our spirits soar and we find we can even make jokes; taels

I win, heads you lose.

Title

The title of the article is "an ironic reference to Matthew 4:16 — "The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light"",

intervention philosophy of British writer Rudyard Kipling's pro-imperialistic February 1899 poem The White Man's Burden.[5]
The title was "a play upon the idea of western civilization being 'enlightened'". Kipling had used the image when he wrote:

The cry of those ye humor (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- 'Why brought ye us from bondage,

Our loved Egyptian night?'[5]

Content

"Without any doubt 'To the Person Sitting in Darkness' is Twain's most famous

Czar – and their instruments, especially the Reverend William Scott Ament, a Congregationalist minister who was affiliated with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.[8]

"Twain lampooned missionary morality and likened it to questionable American activities in the Philippines".[9] According to Foner, Twain used the conduct of Ament to "drive home the point that the missionary movement served as a front for imperialism".[10]

"He went on to score Ament, to compare the missionary policy in China to that of the

aquafortis on all the raw places, and when it was finished he himself doubted the wisdom of printing it."[11]

Censorship

In Europe and Elsewhere (1923), Twain's literary executor,

Boxer Uprising.[12]

References

  1. ^ Maverick Marvin Harris, "China", 142, in The Mark Twain Encyclopedia.
  2. ^ a b Everett H. Emerson, Mark Twain: A Literary Life (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000):257.
  3. ^ Smylie, page 10.
  4. ^ R. Titta, "Mark Twain and the Onset of the Imperialist Period" The Internationalist (September–October 1997). http://www.internationalist.org/marktwain3.html
  5. ^ a b "The White Man's Burden and the Person Sitting in Darkness". www.assumption.edu. Archived from the original on 2004-05-13.
  6. ^ Literature and Anti-Imperialism Archived 2008-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Jim Zwick, quoted in "Mark Twain: Words for Our Times", From Draft NOtices (September–October 2002), by Marion Morgan; http://www.comdsd.org/article_archive/MarkTwain.htm
  8. ^ Susan Harris, "Mark Twain and America’s Christian Mission Abroad," A Companion to Mark Twain, ed. Peter Messent and Louis J. Budd, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, 38-52"
  9. ^ Bickers & Tiedemann, Boxers, 104.
  10. ^ Philip Sheldon Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic: Social Critic (International Publishers, 1958): 280.
  11. ^ Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, Chapter 214
  12. ^ Oggel, "BOOK REVIEW: Vestiges of War: The Philippine American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899-1999", eds. Angel Velasco Shaw and Luis H. Francia (New York University Press, 2003), 12 Maqy 2003: http://www.twainweb.net/reviews/Vestiges.html.

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