Tree shaping
Tree shaping (also known by several other alternative names) uses living
Tree shaping has been practiced for at least several hundred years, as demonstrated by the
History
Some species of trees exhibit a botanical phenomenon known as inosculation (or self-grafting); whether among parts of a single tree or between two or more individual specimens of the same (or very similar) species. Trees exhibiting this behavior are called inosculate trees.[3]
The living root bridges of Cherrapunji, Laitkynsew, and Nongriat, in the present-day Meghalaya state of northeast India are examples of tree shaping.[4] These suspension bridges are handmade from the aerial roots of living banyan fig trees, such as the rubber tree.[5] The pliable tree roots are gradually shaped to grow across a gap, weaving in sticks, stones, and other inclusions, until they take root on the other side.[5] This process can take up to fifteen years to complete.[6] There are specimens spanning over 100 feet, some can hold up to the weight of 50 people.[7][8] The useful lifespan of the bridges, once complete, is thought to be 500–600 years. They are naturally self-renewing and self-strengthening as the component roots grow thicker.[8]
Living trees were used to create garden houses in the Middle East, a practice which later spread to Europe. In Cobham, Kent there are accounts of a three-story house that could hold 50 people.[9][4]
In
Methods
There are a few different methods[2] of shaping trees. There is aeroponic culture, instant tree shaping [12] [13] and gradual tree shaping.[13]
Aeroponic culture uses
Instant tree shaping is a method that uses flexible thin trees 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13.1 ft).[12] [17]: 196 [18][19] The trees are bent and woven into different designs and held until cast.[12] [20]: 80 Bends are then held in place for several years until their form is permanently cast. With this method it is possible to perform initial bending and grafting on a project in an hour, as with Peace in Cherry by Richard Reames.[17]: 193 [20]: 56–57 Girdling, also called ring-barking, may be employed to help balance a design should one part of the design outgrow the other, creating a loss of symmetry. Creasing is performed by folding trees such as willow and poplar over upon themselves without breaking.[20]: 57, 69 [17]: 80
Gradual tree shaping[13][21] starts with designing and framing.[21][22] Young seedlings or saplings[23]: 4 3–12 in. (7.6–30.5 cm) long[24][22] are planted. The growth is guided along predetermined design pathways; this may be a wooden jig [9] or a complex wire design.[25] The shaping zone is a small area just behind the growing tip that forms the final shape.[21] [26] This zone requires day to day or weekly guiding of the new growth. To achieve a finished piece takes longer with this method. A chair design might take 8 to 10 years to reach maturity.[27] Some of Axel Erlandson's trees took 40 years to assume their finished shapes.[28]
Common techniques
Some techniques are common to all the above methods though sometimes they are used differently for each.
Framing might consist of a combination or any one of several materials, including the tree itself, living [17]: 178 or dead.[29]: 58
Grafting is a commonly employed technique that exploits the natural biological process of inosculation. A branch is cut and held in place, it can be of the same plant or another cultivar of the plant. Grafting is applied to create permanent connections and joints.
Pruning can be used to balance a design by controlling and directing growth into a desired shape.[26][29]: 70 [30]
Timing is used as part of the construction and is intrinsic to achieving this art form.[clarification needed][31][failed verification]
Structure
Living grown structures have a number of structural mechanical advantages over those constructed of
Growing structures is not as easy as it would seem.[33] Quick growing willows have been used to grow building structures, they provide support or protection.[33] A young group of German architects are in the process of such a structure and they are continually monitored and checked.[33] Once the trees are of age to be able to take on load-bearing weight they are tested for stability and strength by a structural engineer.[33] Once this is approved the supporting framework is removed.[33] Projects are limited to the trees' weight loading ability and growth.[33] This is being studied and the load capacity will be proved by testing on prototypes.[34]
Design options
Designs may include abstract, symbolic, or functional elements. Some shapes crafted and grown are purely artistic; perhaps cubes, circles, or letters of an alphabet, while other designs might yield any of a wide variety of useful shapes, such as clothes hangers,
Suitable trees are installed according to design specifications and then cultured over time into intended structures. Some designs may use only living, growing wood to form the structures, while others might also incorporate inclusions [13][26] such as glass, mirror, steel and stone, any of which might be used either as either structural or aesthetic elements.[26] Inclusions can be positioned in a project as it is grown and, depending on the design, may either be removed when no longer needed for support or left in place to become fixed inclusions in the growing tissue.[29]: 117
The befit of using trees to grow a design which is then harvested for furniture, is that these pieces are stronger than the results of conventional manufacturing process. As the grain of the timber flows through the design instead of being chopped into smaller pieces then glued back together to form the design. All the joins of a shaped tree are grafted forming a stronger bond than a manufactured piece.[9]
Environmental benefits
Shaped tree projects can play a role in mitigating the imbalance of carbon dioxide-oxygen that happens in cities, creating a microclimate that could be soothing to human habitation. The types of projects that could work in this environment would be playground equipment, road furniture, walkways with over-bridges and bus shelters. This increased growth of trees would improve the shade and create a fresh wind channel. When choosing the trees to use a fruit tree would have the added use of giving food as well. It can be renewable in the long run and when they die they can be used as fertilizer.[39]
The trees and shaped roots can hold the soil preventing soil erosion and forestalling landslides.[40] In the right circumstances the trees could be planted over landfills and garbage dumps. Biodegradable waste could be used to help the trees remain healthily.[39]
Chronology of notable practitioners
War-Khasi people
The ancient War-Khasi people of India worked with the aerial roots of native banyan fig trees, adapting them to create footbridges over watercourses. Modern people of the Cherrapunjee region carry on this traditional building craft. Roots selected for bridge spans are supported and guided in darkness as they are being formed, by threading long, thin, supple banyan roots through tubes made from hollowed-out trunks of woody grasses. Preferred species for the tubes are either bamboo or areca palm, or 'kwai' in Khasi, which they cultivate for areca nuts. The Khasi incorporate aerial roots from overhanging trees to form support spans and safety handrails. Some bridges can carry fifty or more people at once. At least one example, over the Umshiang stream, is a double-decker bridge. They can take ten to fifteen years to become fully functional and are expected to last up to 600 years.[citation needed]
John Krubsack
He started
Axel Erlandson
Erlandson lived from 1884 to 1964; training more than 70 trees during his lifetime. He considered his methods trade secrets and when asked how he made his trees do this, he would only reply, "I talk to them."
Arthur Wiechula
Dan Ladd
Nirandr Boonnetr
, Japan.Peter Cook and Becky Northey
Peter Cook and Becky Northey of Pooktre are Australian artists who live in South East Queensland. Cook began to grow his first chair in 1987 with 7 willow cuttings.[52] He was inspired by three fig trees on his property.[53][52] They were the featured artists at the Growing Village pavilion showing 8 pieces of grown art at the World's Expo 2005 in Nagakute, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.[54]
Their methods involve guiding the tree's growth along predetermined wire design pathways over a period of time.[15][27] They shape growing trees both for living outdoor art and for intentional harvest. They most often use Myrobalan Plum for shaping.[25]
Richard Reames
In 1995, Reames wrote and published his first book, How to Grow a Chair: The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary. In it, he coined the word arborsculpture.[20] His second book, Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet was published in 2005.[17]
Christopher Cattle
Christopher Cattle is a retired furniture design professor from Oxford England.[58] He started his first planting of furniture in 1996.[9] According to Cattle, in the late 1970s he developed an idea to train and graft trees to grow into shapes[59] in response to questions from students asking how to build furniture using less energy.[58] Using various species of trees and wooden jigs to shape them,[24] he has grown 15 three-legged stools to completion.[citation needed]
He hopes to inspire others to grow their own furniture,[38][59] and envisions that, "One day, furniture factories could be replaced by furniture orchards."[38] He calls his works "grown up furniture", "grown stools",[58][60] and "grown furniture", calling them "the result of mature thinking."[58]
Mr. Wu
Mr. Wu is a Chinese pensioner who designs, crafts and grows furniture in
Gavin Munro
Gavin Munro is a designer who grows chairs, lamps, mirror frames and tables[66][67] by training trees in his chair orchard located at Wirksworth, in Derbyshire, England.[68] Munro co-founded Full Grown in 2005.
Related practices
Other artistic horticultural practices such as bonsai, espalier, and topiary share some elements and a common heritage, though a number of distinctions may be identified.
Bonsai
Bonsai is the art of growing trees in small containers. Bonsai uses techniques such as pruning, root reduction, and shaping branches and roots to produce small trees that mimic full-sized mature trees. Bonsai is not intended for production of food, but instead mainly for contemplation by viewers, like most fine art.[69][70]
Espalier
Espalier is the art and horticultural practice of training tree branches onto ornamental shapes along a frame for aesthetic and fruit production by grafting, shaping and pruning the branches so that they grow flat, frequently in formal patterns, against a structure such as a wall, fence, or trellis.[71] The practice is commonly used to accelerate and increase production in fruit-bearing trees and also to decorate flat exterior walls while conserving space.[71]
Pleaching
Pleaching is a technique of weaving the branches of trees into a hedge commonly, deciduous trees are planted in lines, then pleached to form a flat plane on clear stems above the ground level. Branches are woven together and lightly tied.[72] Branches in close contact may grow together, due to a natural phenomenon called inosculation, a natural graft. Pleach also means weaving of thin, whippy stems of trees to form a basketry affect.[73]
Topiary
Topiary is the
Plantings for the future
The Fab Tree Hab
Three MIT designers – Mitchell Joachim, Lara Greden and Javier Arbona – created a concept of a living tree house which nourishes its inhabitants and merges with its environment.[39][75] The project of Fab Tree Hab is expected to take a minimum of five years to grow the home.[76] The plans are for the interior to be lined with clay and plastered to keep the weather outside and to look normal. The exterior is to be all natural.[76]
The Patient Gardener
A Swedish architectural firm VisionDivision took part in a week-long workshop at the Italian university Politecnico di Milano[1] with the students. The result was an 80-year plan [77] of a living cherry tree dome in an hourglass shape and grown furniture. Nov 8 2011,10 Japanese cherry trees were planted with the Framing for the dome, table and a lawn chair were built. Ten Japanese cherry trees were planted in a diameter of eight-meter circle. Four of these trees are to be living staircases to a future top level. The stair trees will have their branches grafted into each other to form the rungs.[1][77] VisionDivision's architects helped the students and instructors to create an easy maintenance plan for future gardeners of the university.[77]
Baubotanik Tower
Ferdinand Ludwig designed this tower as part of his doctoral thesis with the help of Prof. Dr. Speck. "Speck become the botanical co-supervisor" said Ferdinand. Growing at the University of Stuttgart is a three-storey tower of living white willows (Salix alba). This nine-meter-tall construction is almost fully grown, with a base area of around eight square meters.[11] [34] : 86
The framing is made up of mainly steel scaffolding which is supporting the growing trees, while keeping them to the correct form. They started with 400 white willow (Salix alba) grown in baskets on multiple levels with one row of willows planted into the ground. Once the trees were two meters tall, they were planted at the different levels of the tower. These plants are then trained to the design.[11][34]
The root system of the bottom level of willows needs to develop large enough to support the willows on the above levels, so that the scaffold becomes obsolete and then it and the watering and fertilising baskets can be removed altogether.[34] : 86
The trees are grafted together with the objective of all the different plants eventually becoming a single organism. The overall aim is to have a living structure with the strength to support itself and to carry a working load. Ferdinand predicts the tower will be stable enough to support itself in five to ten years.[34] Ferdinand does state "However, these are only estimates."[11]
Assessment
The advantages are trees can improve the habitation by generating more oxygen, giving shade and reuse of waste water creating a micro climate. Living trees are less prone to rot than timber via a process called
Some issues are the lack of working knowledge of how trees grow by architects and others. The speed of growth is unpredictable and they can grow in unwanted ways - thus creating a need to make plans adjustable. Trees can only reach a specific height and size dictated by their species. The environment can have a large impact on the growth and health of the trees.[39]
Alternative names
The practice of shaping living trees has several names. Practitioners may have their own name for their techniques, so a standard name for the various practices has not emerged.[54] "Arborsculpture",[57][78][79] "tree sculpture",[47] "living furniture",[51] and other names have been used.[58][80][81]
The following names are also encountered:
- Arbortecture[57][78]
- Biotecture/Biotechture[10][82][39]
- Grown furniture[9][10][54]
- Living Art[13][38][83]
- Pleaching[3][44][84]
- Tree training[44][29][85]
- Baubotanik[86]
In fiction and art
In 1516,
In 1758, Swedish
In the late 19th century,
In J. R. R. Tolkien's popular fiction, The Lord of the Rings, elves were able to shape trees by singing,[92] and in Lothlórien, a forest described therein, trees were shaped into homes and walkways.
There are also tree-shaping elves in the 1978 comic book series
See also
References
- ^ a b c Fionnuala Fallon (3 March 2012). "The trees that shape our lives". The Irish Times. Ireland.
- ^ a b Mörður Gunnarsson (2012). "Living Furniture". Cottage and Garden. Iceland. pp. 28–29.
- ^ a b c d e Mark Primack. "Pleaching". The NSW Good Wood Guide. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ a b Title Turning young trees into living works of art Date 31 August 2014 Publisher Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka, India) HT Digital Streams Ltd.
- ^ a b Lewin, Brent (2012), "November Volume 2012 Article", India's living Bridges, Reader's Digest Australia, pp. 82–89, EAN 9311484018704, archived from the original on 6 June 2013
- ^ Baker, Russ (6 October 2011). "Re-envisioning our environment". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
- ^ "Living Growing Root Bridges Are 100% Natural Architecture". 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
- ^ a b "Living Root Bridge". Online Highways LLC. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e David Davies (1 June 1996). "Plant your own furniture. Watch it grow". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Fischbacher, Thomas (2007), Botanical Engineering (PDF), School of Engineering Sciences @ University of Southampton, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009
- ^ a b c d e "A very special tree house". Bio-pro.de. 4 February 2010. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e Swati Balgi (September 2009), "Live Art" (PDF), Society Interiors Magazine, Prabhadevi, Mumbai: Magna Publishing, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2011, retrieved 17 February 2011
- ^ a b US "A method of shaping a portion of a woody plant into a desired form is provided. The method is effected by providing a root of a woody plant, shaping the root into the desired form and culturing the root under conditions suitable for secondary thickening of the root." 7328532, Golan, Ezekiel, "Method and a kit for shaping a portion of a woody plant into a desired form", issued 2008-02-12
- ^ a b McKee, Kate (2012), "Living sculpture", Sustainable and water wise gardens, Westview: Universal Wellbeing PTY Limited, pp. 70–73
- ^ a b "Eco-Architecture Could Produce "Grow Your Own" Homes". American Friends of Tel Aviv University. Archived from the original on 11 December 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ ISBN 0-9647280-8-7
- ^ Rodkin, Dennis (25 February 1996), The Gardener, Chicago Tribune Sunday
- ^ Oommen, Ansel (15 September 2013), The Artful Science of Tree Shaping, www.permaculture.co.uk, archived from the original on 12 November 2013, retrieved 6 November 2013
- ^ ISBN 0-9647280-0-1
- ^ a b c Roger, Fox (December 2012), "Artist tree", Better Homes and Gardens Last, p. 140
- ^ a b "Living Trees, Living Art". Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
- ^ ISBN 0-9708932-0-5
- ^ a b Cattle, Christopher. "How to grow your stool". Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ a b Volz, Martin (October–November 2008), "A Tree shaper's life." (PDF), Queensland Smart Farmer, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011
- ^ ISBN 978-1-921571-54-1.
- ^ a b "Artists Shape Trees into Furniture and Art" (PDF), Farm Show Magazine, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 9, June–August 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012, retrieved 8 May 2010
- ^ Weston, Sarah (3 October 2006), Axel Erlandson's Tree Circus, Mid-County Post
- ^ ISBN 978-1-86205-734-0, archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020, retrieved 8 October 2020
- ^ "home & your garden", Going on a 'bender', Queensland Times, May 2012, p. 18
- ISBN 978-1-350-06066-1. Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ Jim Worrall (27 May 2007), Forest and Shade Tree Pathology: Wood Decay, archived from the original on 18 May 2011, retrieved 10 June 2011
- ^ a b c d e f "BOTANY BUILDINGS Grow Buildings From Trees!". 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-470-97330-1. Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ a b Walpole, Lois (2004), grown home, archived from the original on 5 July 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010
- ^ a b c University of California, Cooperative Extension (November 2003), "Arborsculpture: Horticultural Art" (PDF), Landscape & Turf News, p. 6, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010, retrieved 12 December 2015
- ^ a b Ken Mudge; Jules Janick; Steven Scofield; Eliezer E. Goldschmidt (2009), Jules Janick (ed.), A History of Grafting (PDF), Issues in New Crops and New Uses, Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plants Products, orig. pub. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 442–443, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2010, retrieved 13 May 2010 Note large file: 8.04MB
- ^ a b c d e f Cassidy, Patti (August 2008), "A Truly Living Art", Rhode Island Home, Living and Design Magazine, Swansea, Massachusetts: Home, Living & Design, Inc., pp. 26–27
- ^ a b c d e f Stephen Lesiuk. "BIOTECTURE II: PLANTBUILDING INTERACTION". Dept of Architecture, Sydney University. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
- ^ Gillespie, Alison (October 2008). "Taking treehouses to whole new level". The Ecological Society of America. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
- ^ ISBN 1-887374-12-4, archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020, retrieved 8 October 2020
- ^ a b "Only Natural Grown Chair". Shawano Leader Newspaper. Wisconsin Historical Society. 19 October 1922. Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
- ^ "Obituary of Axel Erlandson", Turlock Journal, p. 15, 30 April 1964
- ^ a b c d Link, Tracey (13 June 2008), "Senior project for Bachelor of Science degree in Landscape Architecture" (PDF), Arborsculpture: An Emerging Art Form and Solutions to our Environment, p. 41, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2012
- ^ Wiechula, Arthur (1926) [1926], Wachsende Häuser aus lebenden Bäumen entstehend (Developing Houses from Living Trees), Verl. Naturbau-Ges, p. 320
- ^ a b "designboom:history of arborsculpture". Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Ladd, Dan (22 January 2009), Sculpturefest 2008: Daniel Ladd, archived from the original on 27 July 2011, retrieved 14 June 2010
- ^ Extreme Nature: The Sculptures of Dan Ladd at Putney Library Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine 10 October 2006.
- ^ Shaw, Kurt (11 August 2002), "Persephone Project promotes gardening as contemporary art medium", TribLiveNews, archived from the original on 15 June 2015, retrieved 30 June 2010
- ^ a b c Steve, Rhodes (6 April 2003), "No need to pull up a stump: Short of garden furniture?", Sunday Mail
- ^ a b "The father of Living Furniture", Bangkok Post, 16 January 1996
- ^ a b "Pooktre", Bricks & Mortar Magazine, 2008
- ^ "Pooktre". Northey, Becky. Retrieved 5 May 2010.[permanent dead link] (Archived by WebCite at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)) - ^ a b c McKie, Fred (20 April 2005), "Warwick artist grows wooden 'jewels' for World Expo", The Southern Free Times
- ^ Company profile: Arborsmith Studios, archived from the original on 22 September 2010
- ISBN 0-609-60587-9
- ^ a b c d Nestor, James (February 2007), "Branching Out", Dwell, Dwell, LLC, p. 96, archived from the original on 21 May 2010, retrieved 15 June 2010
- ^ a b c d e Cattle, Christopher. "grown furniture home page". Christopher Cattle. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ a b "Grown Furniture at the Museum of English Rural Life" (Press release). University of Reading, UK. 26 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ Cattle, Christopher. "grown furniture examples". Christopher Cattle. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ a b Smolina, O O (2019). "Variability of approaches to arborsculptures". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
- ^ a b "Five year deliveries", China Morning Business View, Farmington, Michigan: AccessMyLibrary, via CMP Information Ltd., via The Gale Group, 2003, retrieved 15 June 2010
- ^ a b c Treet Them Well, Chaotic Web Development, via ananova.com), 2 February 2005, archived from the original on 21 May 2010, retrieved 15 June 2010
- ^ Astrid, Paul (2013). "Building botany - Arbosculpture". Klimafarming-Garten an der Uni Tübingen.
- ^ Hoffman, Bill; Wire Services (3 February 2005), "Weird But True", New York Post (news ed.), p. 23, archived from the original on 3 November 2012, retrieved 15 June 2010
- ^ Hickey, Shane (2015), "The Innovators: growing solid wooden furniture without the joins", The Guardian
- ^ Sera, Corriere della (2015), "Gavin Munro: the essence of biodesign", Connetions
- ^ Munro, Gavin. "Harvesting chairs: How an English craftsman shapes furniture from the ground up". CBS News. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ISBN 0-8069-6763-3
- ISBN 0-88192-389-3
- ^ a b Evans, Erv, Espalier, North Carolina State University Horticultural Science Department Cooperative Extension Service, archived from the original on 8 July 2010, retrieved 29 June 2010
- ^ The Complete Guide to Pruning and Training Plants, Joyce and Brickell, 1992, page 106, Simon and Schuster
- ISBN 0-207-15007-9.
- ISBN 978-1-84188-143-0
- ^ "A LIVING HOUSE – Terreform's Fab Tree Hab". 18 September 2005. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^ a b "Grow your own home: 'Fab tree hab'". Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^ a b c Karen Cilento (28 October 2011), "The Patient Gardener / Visiondivision", Arch Daily, Plataforma Networks, archived from the original on 31 December 2011, retrieved 8 March 2012
- ^ a b c d Foer, Joshua; Reames, Richard (Winter 2005–2006), "How to Grow a Chair: An Interview with Richard Reames", Cabinet Magazine, archived from the original on 7 January 2009, retrieved 15 May 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-470-38642-2, archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020, retrieved 8 October 2020
- ^ Jaya Jiwatram (25 August 2008), "We're going to Live in the Trees", Popular Science Magazine, archived from the original on 5 August 2011, retrieved 10 June 2011
- ^ Hao Jinyao (11 May 2009), "The art of Tree shaping", Culture
- ISBN 978-1-56898-159-8, archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020, retrieved 8 October 2020
- ^ "Living Art". Discoveries. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010.
- ^ Varkulevicius, Jane (2010), Pruning for Flowers and Fruit, CSIRO Publishing, p. 96
- ^ Bunny Guinness (18 September 2011), "Train your trees into extraordinary shapes", Sunday Telegraph, UK/
- ^ Oommen, Ansel. "Baubotanik: The Botanically Inspired Design System That Creates Living Buildings." ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 23 Oct. 2015, www.archdaily.com/775884/baubotanik-the-botanically-inspired-design-system-that-creates-living-buildings
- ^ "designboom: the alchemic force of the imagination transmutes nature". Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Perréal, Jean (1516). "l'Alchimie". Musée Marmottan Monet. Archived from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ISBN 0-8018-7390-8, archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020, retrieved 22 February 2010
- ISBN 978-1-4375-3106-0, archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020, retrieved 8 October 2020
- ISBN 978-3-87495-314-6
- ISBN 9780618517657